Tutorial

AutoCAD 2007 OOPS Command

2009-03-16T22:52:00.000-07:00

Command entry: oops

OOPS restores objects erased by the last ERASE command

You can also use OOPS after BLOCK or WBLOCK because these commands can erase the selected objects after creating a block. However, you cannot use OOPS to restore parameters, actions, or grips in the Block Editor.

You cannot use OOPS to restore objects on a layer that has been removed with the PURGE command.

3D DWF Publish Dialog Box in AutoCAD

2009-02-16T22:46:00.000-08:00

Allows you to publish a three-dimensional model as a Design Web Format™ (DWF™) file. 3D DWF Publishing, a technology preview in AutoCAD® 2006, is now a standard AutoCAD feature.

Objects to Publish
Specifies whether all model space objects or selected model space objects are published to the DWF file.

All Model Space Objects

All model space objects are published to the 3D DWF file.

Select Model Space Objects

Allows you to create a selection set of model space objects, including external references, which are published to the 3D DWF file after you click OK.

Select Objects

Active only when Select Model Space Objects is enabled. Clicking this button minimizes the dialog boxes and lets you select objects in the drawing workspace. When object selection is completed, press ENTER and the 3D DWF Publish dialog box reappears reporting the number of objects selected for publishing.

3D DWF Organization
Specifies how to group objects in the DWF file for viewing in Autodesk® DWF™ Viewer.

Group by Xref Hierarchy

Arrange objects by xref hierarchy in the viewer. If unchecked, externally referenced files are listed in the viewer like any other objects.

Options
These options let you specify if materials are published in the DWF file.

Publish with Materials

Most materials you have assigned to your model will be published to the 3D DWF file. If your material contains texture mapping, only the Diffuse Map gets published along with its scale and orientation data. Including materials will not significantly affect the size of your 3D DWF files. Default=active.

Note Materials that are not supported in 3D DWF include Bump, Opacity, and Reflection mapping, as well as all forms of procedural materials, which include Wood and Marble.

source: Help Menu AutoCAD 2007

AutoCAD Tutorial : Concept of Mirror

2008-11-15T23:40:00.000-08:00

You can flip objects about a specified axis to create a symmetrical mirror image.

Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object.

You flip objects about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image. To specify this temporary mirror line, you enter two points. You can choose whether to erase or retain the original objects.

When you mirror text, attributes, and attribute definitions, they are reversed or turned upside down in the mirror image. If you want to prevent this, set the MIRRTEXT system variable to 0 (off). Text then has the same alignment and justification as before the mirroring.

MIRRTEXT affects text that is created with the TEXT, ATTDEF, or MTEXT commands; attribute definitions; and variable attributes. Text and constant attributes within an inserted block are mirrored as a consequence of mirroring the entire block. These objects are reversed regardless of the MIRRTEXT setting.

Mirror in 3D
With MIRROR3D, you can mirror objects across a specified mirroring plane. The mirroring plane can be one of the following:

The plane of a planar object
A plane parallel to the XY, YZ, or XZ plane of the current UCS that passes through a specified point
A plane defined by three specified points (2, 3, and 4)

Placing Fireworks graphics in Photoshop

2008-11-10T23:08:00.000-08:00

Fireworks provides extensive support for exporting files in Photoshop (PSD) format. Export settings let you control which elements in the file remain editable when you reopen it in Photoshop.

A Fireworks image exported into Photoshop maintains the same editability when reopened in Fireworks as other Photoshop graphics. Export options for editability, appearance, and file size let you determine the best possible export procedure for your particular graphic. Photoshop users can work with their graphic in Fireworks and then continue editing in Photoshop.

To export a file in Photoshop format:

Select File > Export or click the Quick Export button and choose Other > Export to Photoshop.
In the Export dialog box, name your file and choose Photoshop PSD from the Save As menu.
To specify grouped export settings, choose an option from the Settings menu. These settings provide preset combinations of individual export options for objects, effects, and text in the Fireworks file. Individual export options are described in detail in Customizing files for export to Photoshop.
Maintain Editability over Appearance converts objects to layers, keeps effects editable, and converts the text to editable Photoshop text layers. Select this option if you plan to edit the image extensively in Photoshop and do not need to preserve the exact appearance of the Fireworks image.

Maintain Fireworks Appearance converts each object into an individual Photoshop layer, and effects and text become noneditable. Select this option if you want to maintain control over the Fireworks objects in Photoshop but also want to maintain the original appearance of the Fireworks image.

Smaller Photoshop File flattens each layer into a fully rendered image. Select this option if you are exporting a file containing a large number of Fireworks objects.

Custom allows you to choose specific settings for objects, effects, and text.
Click Save to export the Photoshop file.

NOTE

Photoshop 5.5 and earlier cannot open files with more than 100 layers. You must delete or merge objects if the Fireworks document you are exporting contains more than 100 objects

Importing Fireworks files into Director

2008-11-05T22:44:00.000-08:00

In Director, you can import flattened images that you have exported from Fireworks, such as JPEG, GIF, and 32-bit PNG images. Or you can import Fireworks layers, slices, and interactive elements by inserting Fireworks HTML.

To import a flattened Fireworks image:

In Director, choose File > Import.
Navigate to the desired file and click Import.
Change options if desired in the Image Options dialog box. For information about each option, see Using Director.
Click OK.
The imported graphic appears in the cast as a bitmap.

To import layered, sliced, or interactive Fireworks content:

In Director, choose Insert > Fireworks > Images from Fireworks HTML.

NOTE

The location and name of this menu command may be different depending on your version of Director.
Locate the Fireworks HTML file you exported for use in Director.
The Open Fireworks HTML dialog box appears
Change options if desired:
Color allows you to specify a color depth for the imported graphics. If they contain transparency, choose 32-bit color.

Registration allows you to set the registration point for the imported graphics.

Import Rollover Behaviors as Lingo converts Fireworks behaviors to Lingo code.

Import to Score places cast members into the Score upon import.
Click Open.
The graphics and code from the Fireworks HTML file are imported.

NOTE

If you are importing a Fireworks animation, drag keyframes in Director to offset the timing of each imported layer as necessary.

Opening a DRF File in 3ds max

2008-10-29T22:08:00.000-07:00

The Discreet Render Format (DRF) is the file format for VIZ Render, a rendering tool included with Autodesk Architectural Desktop 2004.

In 3ds max 6, you can open DRF files from the File menu > Open command. For the most part, 3ds max treats a DRF file just as a MAX file; however, you cannot save a scene as a DRF file, only as a MAX file. This means that once you have edited your DRF file, you must save it as a MAX file, and you can no longer open it in VIZ Render.

Note: For more information, see Working with DRF Files in 3ds max.

In this lesson, you will open a DRF file of a library.
Open the sample file:

Open the sample file:

Choose File menu > Open.

The Open File dialog appears.
In the Open File dialog, set Files Of Type to VIZ Render (*.drf).
Navigate to \tutorials\DesignVIZ, choose library.drf, and click Open.

The File Load: Units Mismatch dialog appears.

All DRF files use meters as their system unit. This dialog will appear every time you open a DRF file, unless you are using meters as your system unit. You can either adopt meters as your system unit, or you can rescale the geometry in the DRF file to match your current unit settings.

In this case, you will rescale the file.

In the File Load: Units Mismatch dialog, make sure Rescale The File Objects To The System Unit Scale is selected, then click OK.

Often, when you rescale a file, the viewports do not scale properly. You can see that (with the exception of the camera viewport), the scene does not display at all in the viewports.
In the viewport controls, click Zoom Extents All.

The viewports now display the scene's geometry.

Choose File menu > Save.

As this is your first time saving the DRF to a MAX file, you must give it a name.
In the Save As dialog, name the file mylibrary.max and click Save

Other Tutorial 3 Ds max : Using Foliage

source : 3ds max tutorial in help

Filling paths with color for Adobe Photoshop

2008-10-10T23:20:00.000-07:00

The Fill Path command lets you fill a path with pixels using a specified color, a state of the image, a pattern, or a fill layer.

Path selected (left), and filled (right)

Important: When you fill a path, the color values appear on the active layer. Make sure the layer you want is active before beginning. You cannot fill a path when a layer mask or text layer is active.

To fill a path using the current Fill Path settings:

Select the path in the Paths palette.
Click the Fill Path button at the bottom of the Paths palette.

To fill a path and specify options:

Select the path in the Paths palette.
Fill the path:

Alt-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) the Fill Path button at the bottom of the Paths palette.
Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Mac OS) the path to the Fill Path button.
Choose Fill Path from the Paths palette menu. If the selected path is a path component, this command changes to Fill Subpath.

For Use, choose the contents for the fill.
Specify an opacity for the fill. To make the fill more transparent, use a low percentage. A setting of 100% makes the fill opaque.
Choose a blending mode for the fill.

The Mode list includes a Clear mode that lets you erase to transparency. You must be working in a layer other than the background to use this option.

Choose Preserve Transparency to limit the fill to layer areas that contain pixels.
Select a Rendering option:

Feather Radius to define how far inside and outside the selection border the feather edge extends. Enter a value in pixels.
Anti-aliased to create a finer transition between the pixels in the selection and the surrounding pixels by partially filling the edge pixels of the selection.

Click OK.

Creating an Auto Run CD for Swishmax

2008-09-09T01:23:00.000-07:00

Using the File | Export | EXE (projector)... option, it is possible to save your Movie as a .exe file. When the .exe file is run, your Movie will be displayed without any need to for internet connection or browser programs. This format is ideal for CD distribution.

To make your CD start automatically, it is necessary to create an autorun.inf file. This file can be made in a text editor such as notepad.

The following discussion assumes your exported Movie is called "mymovie.exe". You can name your Movie anything, but you should edit the autorun.inf file appropriately.

Open notepad and type the following:

[AutoRun]
open=mymovie.exe
icon=mymovie.exe,0

Save the file as autorun.inf - If using notepad, you will have to select All files for the Save as type option.

If you have a CD burner and appropriate software installed on your system, you can then create the autostart CD by saving the autorun.inf and mymovie.exe to the root directory of the CD.

You must create the CD using Joliet or ISO9660 file systems. Do not use the Universal Disk Format file system. Universal Disk Format is used by Roxio Direct CD.

Note: Although CDs created using the ISO9660 file system can be read on Apple and other computers, the compiled projector file will not run as it is designed for the Windows operating system and Intel processors. You could save exported .htm and .swf files to the CD, which would allow your Movie to be viewed using a browser with the Flash Plugin installed. This would allow your Movie to be viewed on non-Windows systems

When the completed CD is inserted into the CD drive, the Movie should start playing automatically

source : swishmax help

Tutorial : Change interface 3d Max to Black Color

2008-08-27T19:40:00.000-07:00

Follow steps along with this:

1. Choose Menu Customize, then chose load custom UI scheme

2. Chose file discreet-dark.ui, then the click open (if file discreet-dark.ui was not found, then searched in the place folder where 3dmax in instal, continued to open the folder ui)

3. Be waiting several times

Congratulations tried...

Flash Tutorial - Inserting a Flash text object

2008-07-15T21:35:00.000-07:00

The Flash text object lets you create and insert a Flash SWF file that contains just text. This allows you to create a small, vector-graphic movie with the designer fonts and text of your choice.

To insert a Flash text object:

In the Document window, place the insertion point where you want to insert the Flash text.
To open the Insert Flash Text dialog box, do one of the following:
- In the Common category of the Insert bar, select Media and click the Flash Text icon.
- Select Insert > Media > Flash Text.
The Insert Flash Text dialog box appears.
Complete the Insert Flash Text dialog box, and click Apply or OK to insert the Flash text in the Document window.
If you click Apply, the dialog box remains open, and you can preview the text in your document.

CSS Tutorial - The CSS Styles panel in All mode

2008-07-15T21:27:00.000-07:00

In All mode, the CSS Styles panel displays two panes: an All Rules pane (on top), and a Properties pane (on bottom). The All Rules pane displays a list of rules defined in the current document as well as all rules defined in style sheets attached to the current document. The Properties pane lets you edit CSS properties for any selected rule in the All Rules pane

Working with layers

2008-07-13T21:38:00.000-07:00

You can view the stacking order of layers and objects in the Layers panel. This is the order in which they appear in the document. Fireworks stacks layers based on the order in which you created them, placing the most recently created layer on the top of the stack. The stacking order determines how objects on one layer overlap objects on another. You can rearrange the order of layers and of objects within layers.

The Layers panel displays the current state of all layers in the current frame of a document. To view other frames, you can use the Frames panel or select an option from the Frame pop-up menu at the bottom of the Layers panel. For more information, see Working with frames.

The name of the active layer is highlighted in the Layers panel. You can expand a layer to view a list of all the objects on it. The objects are displayed in thumbnails.

Masks are also shown in the Layers panel. Selecting the mask thumbnail allows you to edit the mask. You can also create new bitmap masks using the Layers panel. For more information about masking, see Masking images.

Opacity and blend mode controls are at the top of the Layers panel. For more information, see Adjusting opacity and applying blends.

Land Planning with 3Ds max

2008-07-03T21:39:00.000-07:00

This tutorial asks the question, What if Frank Lloyd Wright had access to design visualization software? How could he have used it in his design process?

In this tutorial, you will construct a design for a specific site, the Marin County Civic Center. You will pretend you are the famous architect, creating the design for the Library, Hall of Justice, and Administration buildings. You will create a virtual model of your design including the terrain of the site, and then add lighting and animate a flyaround of your design

You will start by importing a 2D AutoCAD drawing of contour lines. You will use the terrain object to generate a virtual 3D model of the site. You will then build a conceptual design model of the proposed building and fly a virtual camera above and around it.

Skill level: Beginner to intermediate

Time to complete: 2 hours

Features Covered in This Tutorial
After completing this tutorial, you should be able to:

Import a 2D AutoCAD file.
Create a contour model using Terrain objects.
Apply materials to the terrain.
Model a massing study using primitive objects.
Animate a fly-around of the design.

Tutorial Files
All the necessary files to do the tutorials can be found on the Tutorial And Sample Files CD, in the \tutorials\land folder, unless otherwise specified. Before doing the tutorials, copy the \tutorials directory from the CD to your \3dsmax6 local installation.

Getting Started with 3D Modeling for Design Visualization

2008-06-30T21:29:00.000-07:00

In this tutorial, you learn how to model and animate in 3ds max. You will construct an animated revolving door for a hotel lobby. In the course of doing so, you'll learn about creating and transforming primitive and parametric objects. You'll learn about using snaps and pivots points for alignment, as well as general user interface navigation skills. You'll learn to instance objects and link them into an animated hierarchy. You'll also learn to merge files together.

Skill Level: Beginner

Time to complete: 25 minutes

Features Covered in This Tutorial
After completing this tutorial, you should be able to:

Create a revolving door by using primitive and AEC extended objects.
Apply materials to objects and sub-objects.
Animate the doors in the scene using rotation transforms and parametric animation.
Merge objects from another file into your scene.

Tutorial Files
All the necessary files to do the tutorials can be found on the Tutorial And Sample Files CD, in the \tutorials\intro_to_design_visualization\ folder, unless otherwise specified. Before beginning the tutorials, copy the \tutorials directory from the CD to your \3dsmax6 local installation.

In This Tutorial

Setting Up Units and Snaps
Creating the Hub
Creating the Enclosure
Creating the Revolving Door
Applying Materials to the Revolving Door
Cloning the Doors
Animating the Revolving Door
Merging Files

3Ds Max Tutorial : Using Foliage to Enhance Your Scene

2008-06-25T21:18:00.000-07:00

New to 3ds max 6 are AEC Objects, which include doors, windows, walls, foliage, stairs, and railings. These objects can be used to quickly add complexity to your scene.

In this lesson, you will add several 3D trees to the library scene, adding greatly to its character with just a few clicks.

Add 3D trees to a scene:

From the \tutorials\designviz directory, open library_grass.max.
On the Create panel, choose AEC Extended from the Geometry drop-down list.
In the Object Type rollout, click Foliage.
On the Create Panel > Favorite Plants rollout, choose the American Elm.
In the Top viewport, click to create three trees along the front window of the library.
Press F10 to open the Render Scene dialog.
Make sure Viewport is set to Camera01, and click Render.

3ds max renders the scene

Note: Make sure that none of the branches penetrate the library walls.

Cropping and editing bitmaps for Corel Draw

2008-06-23T21:46:00.000-07:00

After you add a bitmap to a drawing, you can crop, resample, and resize the bitmap. Cropping removes unwanted areas of a bitmap. When you resample a bitmap, you can change the image size, the resolution, or both by adding or removing pixels. For example, if you make an image larger without resampling, you can lose details because the image’s pixels are spread over a greater area. By resampling, you can add pixels to preserve more detail from the original image. Resizing an image maintains the same number of pixels in a smaller or larger area. For example, you can lose details when you make an image larger without resampling because the image’s pixels are spread over a greater area. Upsampling adds pixels to maintain some of the original’s details.

Flying the Spacefighter for 3Ds max

2008-06-18T20:41:00.000-07:00

In this tutorial, you'll animate the spacefighter you built in the Modeling a Low-Polygon Spaceship tutorial. You will make it fly along a simple path by using the path constraint. You'll also learn how to blend paths.

Skill Level: Beginner to Intermediate

Time to complete: 1 hour

Features Covered in This Tutorial
In this tutorial you will learn:

Animating with Path constraints.
Using dummy objects for animation.
Using weighted list controllers to add turbulence.
Setting keys using the Set Keys button.
Controlling Euler controller rotations.
Substituting high resolution objects for low resolution objects by using XRefs.

All the necessary files for this tutorial can be found on the Tutorial And Sample Files CD in the tutorials\intro_to_animation directory. Before starting the tutorials, copy the \tutorials folder to your local\3dsmax6 installation.

Import Excel data to an Access database

2008-06-17T22:57:00.000-07:00

Make sure the Microsoft Excel data is in list format: each column has a label in the first row and contains similar facts, and there are no blank rows or columns within the list.
Close the Excel workbook that contains the data you want to use in Microsoft Access.
In Access, open the database where you want to copy the Excel data.
On the Access File menu, point to Get External Data, and then click Import.
In the Import dialog box, click Microsoft Excel in the Files of type box.
In the Look in list, locate the file you want to import, and then double-click the file.
Follow the directions in the Import Spreadsheet Wizard.
For more information about this wizard and Access, click Display Help after the wizard is finished.

Working with URLs

2008-06-16T21:39:00.000-07:00

Assigning a URL to a web object creates a link to a file such as a web page. You can assign URLs to hotspots, buttons, and slice objects. When you intend to use the same URLs several times, you can create a URL library in the URL panel and store the URLs in the library. You use the URL panel to add, edit, and organize your URLs.

For example, if your website contains several navigation buttons to return to your home page, you can add the URL for your home page to the URL panel. Then you assign this URL to each navigation button by selecting it in the URL library. You can use the Find and Replace feature to change a URL across multiple documents (see Finding and replacing).

URL libraries are available for all Fireworks documents and are saved between sessions.

Preview and export the images for firework

2008-06-15T21:02:00.000-07:00

Your image source file now contains six frames with six images. Holding the images in frames lets you export them all at once with the file settings you want, as follows.

Select File > Image Preview

In the Image Preview dialog box, do the following:
In the Format pop-up menu, select JPEG.
The JPEG format is best for digital or scanned photographs, images using textures, images with gradient color transitions, and any images that require more than 256 colors. For more information on format choices, seeAbout graphic files.

In the Quality text box, type 75, or use the Quality slider.
Select the Sharpen Color Edges option.
Click Export.
In the Export dialog box that appears, browse to the following folder on your hard disk:
local_sites/cafe_townsend/images/

Select Frames to Files in the Export pop-up menu.
Make sure that Trim Images is not selected.
Click Export.
Fireworks exports each frame as a separate image file to the images folder using the name of the frame for the filename.

Use Time In Excel

2008-06-05T22:47:00.000-07:00

Returns the decimal number for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date.

The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).

Syntax

TIME(hour,minute,second)

Hour is a number from 0 (zero) to 32767 representing the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the remainder will be treated as the hour value. For example, TIME(27,0,0) = TIME(3,0,0) = .125 or 3:00 AM.

Minute is a number from 0 to 32767 representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and minutes. For example, TIME(0,750,0) = TIME(12,30,0) = .520833 or 12:30 PM.

Second is a number from 0 to 32767 representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours, minutes, and seconds. For example, TIME(0,0,2000) = TIME(0,33,22) = .023148 or 12:33:20 AM

Remark

Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their default. Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day).

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

Note To view the time as a decimal number, select the cell and click Cells on the Format menu. Click the Number tab, and then click General or Number in the Category box.

Preparing AutoCAD Drawings for Import

2008-06-04T21:01:00.000-07:00

In this tutorial, you will clean a 2D AutoCAD drawing, by deleting unnecessary objects and freezing unnecessary layers to prevent them from being imported into 3ds max. You will also prepare a 3D AutoCAD file for import, taking advantage of the benefits of both 3ds max and AutoCAD.

To successfully and efficiently use AutoCAD objects in a 3ds max scene, it's imperative that the files be properly prepared. Specifically, you'll need to pay attention to layer management in the AutoCAD drawing

Understanding ByLayer Drawing Import
The 3ds max 6 Layer Manager is similar to the Layer Properties Manager in AutoCAD. Both enable you to hide and freeze layers, and to control the visibility and color of objects on those layers. You can also determine whether a layer’s objects are plotted in AutoCAD or rendered in 3ds max, regardless of the visibility of the objects in viewports.

Once imported, each layer in AutoCAD becomes a new layer in 3ds max, and each object becomes a new object on its respective layer. Because AutoCAD generally produces a new object with each entity created, this can translate to an enormous number of entities that are imported into 3ds max. This number can be significantly reduced by converting and consolidating lines into polylines and combining objects into blocks, which are then converted into groups during import.

Applying strokes for Firework

2008-06-03T20:41:00.000-07:00

You can change the stroke attributes of the Pen, Pencil, and Brush tools so that the next vector object you draw has the new stroke attributes, or you can apply stroke attributes to an object or path after you draw it.

The current stroke color appears in the Stroke Color box in the Tools panel, the Property inspector, and the Color Mixer. You can change the stroke color of a drawing tool or selected object from any of these three panels.

The pencil icon indicates the Stroke Color box in the Tools panel, the Propertyinspector, and the Color Mixer.

To change stroke attributes of selected objects, do one of the following:
Select from among the stroke attributes in the Property inspector.

TIP : Select Stroke Options from the Stroke Options pop-up menu for more attributes.

Click the Stroke Color box in the Tools panel and click Stroke Options. Select from among the stroke attributes in the Stroke Options pop-up window.
Use the options in the Property inspector or the Stroke Options pop-up window to change the stroke applied to an object.

To change the stroke color of a drawing tool:

Press Control+D (Windows) or Command+D (Macintosh) to deselect all objects.
Select a drawing tool in the Tools panel.
Click the Stroke Color box in the Tools panel or Property inspector to open the color pop-up window.
Select a color for the stroke from the set of swatches.
Drag to draw the object.

NOTE : A newly created stroke assumes the color currently displayed in the Stroke Color box.

To remove all stroke attributes from a selected object, do one of the following:

Select None from the Stroke Options pop-up menu in the Property inspector or the Stroke Options pop-up window.
Click the Stroke Color box in either the Tools panel or the Property inspector and click the Transparent button

Grapic Tutorial : Welding and intersecting objects

2008-06-02T20:28:00.000-07:00

You can create irregular shapes by welding and intersecting objects. You can weld or intersect almost any object, including clones, objects on different layers, and single objects with intersecting lines. However, you cannot weld or intersect paragraph text, dimension lines, or masters of clones.

You can weld objects to create one object with a single outline. The new object uses the welded objects’ perimeter as its outline and adopts the fill and outline properties of the target object. All intersecting lines disappear.

You can weld objects regardless of whether they overlap each other. If you weld objects that do not overlap, they form a weld group that acts as a single object. In both cases, the welded object takes on the fill and outline attributes of the target object.

You can weld single objects with intersecting lines so that the object breaks into several subpaths, but its appearance remains the same

Welding the leaves to the apple creates a single object outline.

Intersecting creates an object from the area where two or more objects overlap. The shape of this new object can be simple or complex, depending on the shapes you intersect. The new object’s fill and outline attributes depend on the object you define as the target object.

Tutorials for Design Visualization Professionals

2008-06-01T20:18:00.000-07:00

Here you will find a set of tutorials aimed specifically at the design visualization professional. Whether you are an architect, a mechanical engineer, or an industrial designer, these lessons will provide you with the fundamentals of using 3ds max in the context of your work. Doing these exercises will get you quickly productive with 3ds max.

Features Covered in This Section

Working with and importing AutoCAD files
Opening DRF Files
AEC objects
Using snaps
Booleans
Using the Spacing tool
Creating a Terrain object
Conceptual Modeling with Primitives
Using Daylight to create a shadow study
Particle Systems
Inverse Kinematics (IK)
Market-Specific defaults
Layer Manager
Panorama Generator

Tutorial Graphic : Replacing colors for Firework

2008-05-31T20:03:00.000-07:00

The Replace Color tool lets you select a color and paint over that color with a different color.

Original photograph; after using the Replace Color tool

Fireworks provides two different ways to replace one color with another. You can replace a color that you’ve specified in the color swatch, or you can replace a color by using the Replace Color tool directly on the image.

To replace one color with another using the color swatch:

Select the Replace Color tool from its pop-up menu.
In the From box in the Property inspector, click Swatch.
Click the From color well to select the color probe, and select a color from the pop-up menu to specify the color you want to replace.
Click the To color well in the Property inspector and select a color from the pop-up menu.
Set the other stroke attributes in the Property inspector:
Size sets the size of the brush tip.
Shape sets a round or square brush tip shape.
Tolerance determines the range of colors to replace (0 replaces only the To color; 255 replaces all colors similar to the To color).
Strength determines how much of the Change color is replaced.
Colorize replaces the Change color with the To color. Deselect Colorize to tint the Change color with the To color, leaving some of the Change color intact.
Drag the tool over the color you want to replace.

To replace one color with another by selecting a color on the image:

Select the Replace Color tool from its pop-up menu.
In the From box in the Property inspector, click Image.
Click the To color well in the Property inspector to select the color probe, then select a color from the pop-up menu.
Set the other stroke attributes in the Property inspector:
Size sets the size of the brush tip.
Shape sets a round or square brush tip shape.
Tolerance determines the range of colors to replace (0 replaces only the To color; 255 replaces all colors similar to the To color).

Strength determines how much of the Change color is replaced.
Colorize replaces the From color with the To color. Deselect Colorize to tint the From color with the To color, leaving some of the From color intact.
Using the tool, click down on a section of the bitmap image that contains the color you want to replace. Without lifting the tool, continue to brush across the image with it. The color that you clicked down on when you initiated the brushing action will be replaced by the color you’ve specified in the To color well.

Graphic Tutorial Retouching bitmaps

2008-05-30T19:53:00.000-07:00

Fireworks provides a wide range of tools to help you retouch your images. You can alter an image’s size, reduce or sharpen its focus, or copy and "stamp" a part of it to another area.

tutorial : Understanding Ambient Color and Light for 3ds

2008-05-29T19:38:00.000-07:00

Ambient light is used to simulate indirect light, such as the atmospheric light that permeates outdoor scenes. It may also be used to simulate radiosity, which is the color that bounces off brightly colored objects.

Ambient color controls the color of objects in areas of shadow, whenever ambient light is present. Generally, you do not see any effect when you change the ambient color of a material, because ambient lighting is turned off by default.

To see the effect of ambient color in a scene, you must create an ambient light source. You can either create lights that are set to Ambient Only in order to create a localized effect, or use the Environment dialog to affect an entire scene.

Set up the lesson:

Continue from the previous lesson.

Adjust the ambient light and color:

In the Material Editor, choose the beige putty material in the upper-right material sample.
Change the Ambient color of the beige putty material to a bright shade of purple.
The color of the scene does not change.
Choose Rendering > Environment. The Environment dialog appears.
Click the Ambient color swatch. In the Color Selector, change the Ambient color to a medium shade of gray. Then close the Color Selector and the Environment dialog.
The materials brighten in direct proportion to the brightness of the Ambient color. The beige putty objects in the scene turn purple.
Activate the slot containing myorange material.
Click the lock button to the left of the Ambient and Diffuse colors to unlock them. Then change the Ambient color from orange to a bright green.

Watch the viewport and notice the orange turns bright green.

Graphics Tutorial : Grouping objects

2008-05-28T19:28:00.000-07:00

When you group two or more objects, they are treated as a single unit. This lets you apply the same formatting, properties, and other changes to all the objects within the group at the same time. CorelDRAW also lets you group other groups to create nested groups.

You can also add and remove objects to and from a group and delete objects that are members of a group. If you want to edit a single object in a group, you can ungroup the objects.

Single objects retain their attributes when they are grouped.

Tutorial Hot key 3Dsmax 6

2008-05-27T03:13:00.000-07:00

Creating PowerClip objects in Corel

2008-05-27T01:41:00.000-07:00

CorelDRAW lets you place vector objects and bitmaps, such as photos, inside other objects, or containers. A container can be any object, for example artistic text or a rectangle. When you place an object into a container that is larger than the container, the object, called the content, is cropped to fit the form of the container. This creates a PowerClip object.
You can create more complex PowerClip objects by placing one PowerClip object inside another PowerClip object to produce a nested PowerClip object. You can also copy the contents of one PowerClip object to another PowerClip object.

After you create a PowerClip object you can modify the content and the container. For example, you can lock the content, so that when you move the container, the content moves with it. CorelDRAW also lets you extract the content from a PowerClip object, so that you can delete the content or modify it without affecting the container.

Corel : Skewing and stretching objects

2008-05-27T01:28:00.000-07:00

You can skew and stretch objects in CorelDRAW. When you skew an object, you specify the degree by which you want to slant the object. Stretching changes an object’s vertical and horizontal dimensions non proportionally.

CorelDRAW also lets you change the skew and sizing anchor point of an object from its default center position.

Drawing rectangles and squares for Corel

2008-05-27T00:47:00.000-07:00

CorelDRAW lets you draw rectangles and squares. You can draw a rectangle or square by dragging diagonally or draw a rectangle by specifying the width and height. After you draw a rectangle or square, you can reshape it by rounding one or more of its corners.

You can create a rectangle by drawing its baseline first and then its height.

Privacy Policy

2008-01-01T06:18:00.000-08:00

If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at muslimjogja2000@yahoo.com.

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Log Files
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Cookies and Web Beacons
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Some of our advertising partners may use cookies and web beacons on our site. Our advertising partners include Google Adsense, .

These third-party ad servers or ad networks use technology to the advertisements and links that appear on www.jogjatutorial.blogspot.com send directly to your browsers. They automatically receive your IP address when this occurs. Other technologies ( such as cookies, JavaScript, or Web Beacons ) may also be used by the third-party ad networks to measure the effectiveness of their advertisements and / or to personalize the advertising content that you see.

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If you wish to disable cookies, you may do so through your individual browser options. More detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers can be found at the browsers' respective websites.

Capturing video

2007-09-24T22:55:00.000-07:00

To capture the entire video from a tape in a DV camera

Make sure your DV device is connected properly to an IEEE 1394 port, and then set the camera mode to play recorded video (often labeled VTR or VCR on a DV camera).
On the File menu, click Capture Video.
–or-

In the Movie Tasks pane, under Capture Video, click Capture from video device.
On the Video Capture Device page, in Available devices, click the DV camera.
In the Enter a file name for your captured video box, enter a file name for your captured video file. Then, in the Choose a place to save your captured video box, select the location where you want your video to be saved or click Browse to select a location.
On the Video Setting page, choose the video setting you want to use for capturing video and audio.
On the Capture Method page, click Capture the entire tape automatically.
The tape in the DV camera rewinds. Capturing begins automatically and ends when the video tape ends.
Select any of the following commands:
- To separate the video into smaller clips, select the Create clips when wizard finishes check box.
- To stop capturing before the end of the video tape, click Stop Capture, and then click Yes in the resulting dialog box to save the video that has been captured.
To close the Video Capture Wizard, click Finish.
The captured content is imported into a new collection with the same name as the specified video file.

Choosing a video and audio capture device

This page of the Video Capture Wizard lets you choose the video and audio devices you want to use for capturing video and audio.

The following options appear on this page.

Available devices

Lists the available capture devices you can use for capturing video. If you only have one video capture device attached to your computer, that device is the only one listed.

For many video capture devices, the name of the device is listed according to the hardware manufacturer’s name and device name. For example, when capturing video from an analog camera attached to an analog capture card on your computer, you would choose the analog capture card as the capture device for this option.

Video input source

Lists the available input connection lines based on the number of lines available for the selected video capture device For example, if an analog capture device has multiple input connections, such as an S-video connection and a composite video connection, you need to choose which input connection line to use for capturing video. If only one input line can be used for capturing by the device, that line is selected and this option does not appear.

This option is not available for a DV camera connected to an IEEE 1394 port.

Configure

Click to change the configuration of the selected video capture device. The resulting dialog box depends on the specific capture device you are using. For more information about the options available in the resulting Configure Video Capture Device dialog box, see Understanding the Configure Video Capture Device dialog box.

This option is not available for a DV camera connected to an IEEE 1394 port.

Audio device

Lists the available audio capture devices you can use for capturing audio. If you have only one audio capture device, such as your default sound card, that device is selected automatically.

This option is available only for analog devices.

Audio input source

Lists the available connection input lines based on the number of input connections available for the selected audio device. For example, if you have a microphone attached to the microphone line input of your computer, you would choose Microphone as the audio input source.

This option is available only for analog devices with multiple line inputs.

Input level

Adjusts the volume of the captured audio.

When choosing the capturing level, select an input level toward the upper part of the meter without entering the red-colored area, which is marked by the second line from the top. If the capturing level is set too low, the captured audio may be too low to be heard. Conversely, if the capturing level is set too high, the captured audio may be too loud and distorted.

For some devices, such as a DV camera connected to an IEEE 1394 port, the capturing volume cannot be adjusted by dragging the audio level slider.

Note

This page of the Video Capture Wizard does not appear when a single DV device connected to an IEEE 1394 port is the only video capture device found on the computer.

Troubleshooting capturing video

This section covers the following issues that may occur when capturing video.

Previewed and captured video is distorted. Explains the issue where video is not displayed and captured properly.
Captured video file exceeds the FAT32 4-gigabyte file size limit. Explains how to fix the issue where your video file cannot be created because it exceeds the 4 GB file size limit supported by the FAT32 file system.
DV device is not responding. Explains how to work around the issue where the DV device is not responding.

Using Help viewer keyboard shortcuts for Window Paint

2007-09-24T22:48:00.000-07:00

If your mouse is unavailable or if you prefer to use your keyboard, you can use the following keyboard commands to navigate within the Help viewer. These shortcuts apply to the Help viewer only, not to Help and Support Center.

To expand the headings below using the keyboard, press F6 to switch from the Help navigation pane to the topic pane. Press TAB to select the desired keyboard shortcut heading, and then press ENTER to expand the listing.

Press	To
ALT+SPACEBAR	Display the system menu.
SHIFT+F10	Display the Help viewer shortcut menu.
ALT+TAB	Switch between the Help viewer and other open windows.
ALT+O	Display the Options menu.
ALT+O, and then press T	Hide or show the navigation pane.
CTRL+TAB	Switch to the next tab in the navigation pane.
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB	Switch to the previous tab in the navigation pane.
UP ARROW	Move up one topic in the table of contents, index, or search results list.
DOWN ARROW	Move down one topic in the table of contents, index, or search results list.
PAGE UP	Move up one page in the table of contents, index, or search results list.
PAGE DOWN	Move down one page in the table of contents, index, or search results list.
F6	Switch focus between the navigation pane and the topic pane.
ALT+O, and then press R	Refresh the topic that appears in the topic pane.
UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW	Scroll through a topic.
CTRL+HOME	Move to the beginning of a topic.
CTRL+END	Move to the end of a topic.
CTRL+A	Highlight all text in the topic pane.
ALT+O, and then press P	Print a topic.
ALT+O, and then press B	Move back to the previously viewed topic.
ALT+O, and then press F	Move forward to the next (previously viewed) topic.
ALT+F4	Close the Help viewer

Microsoft Project:

2007-09-24T22:33:00.000-07:00

Microsoft Project: The Basics

If you're new to project management or Microsoft Project, you may have questions about creating and managing a project. This tutorial provides information about basic project management and Microsoft Project concepts, and then leads you through lessons where you'll learn how to create a plan, track its progress, and communicate the results.

Each lesson for creating your plan, tracking progress, and communicating results contains a set of step-by-step directions with simple navigation to lead you through the process. Click a lesson under The Basics or follow the link below to get acquainted with project management and Microsoft Project. To start building your project right away, click Create a plan on the menu at the left.

What is project management?

Project management is the process of planning, organizing, and managing tasks and resources to accomplish a defined objective, usually within constraints on time, resources, or cost. A project plan can be simple, for example, a list of tasks and their start and finish dates written on a notepad. Or it can be complex, for example, thousands of tasks and resources and a project budget of millions of dollars.

Most projects share common activities, including breaking the project into easily manageable tasks, scheduling the tasks, communicating with the team, and tracking the tasks as work progresses. And all projects consist of three major phases:

1	Build the plan
2	Track and manage the project
3	Close the project

The more successful these phases are, the greater your chance of a successful project.

The project triangle

If only you could foresee your project's future....
In a way you can, if you understand three factors that shape every project:

Time: The time to complete the project reflected in your project schedule.
Money: The project budget, based on the cost of the resources: the people, equipment, and materials required to do the tasks.

Scope: The goals and tasks of the project and the work required to complete them.

This trio of time, money, and scope is the project triangle. Adjusting one of these elements affects the other two. While all three elements are important, typically one will have the most influence on your project.

The relationship between these elements differs in every project and determines the kinds of problems you'll encounter and the solutions you can implement. Knowing where you're constrained or flexible makes it easier to plan and manage your project

The Microsoft Project database

As project manager, you have a lot to do. How does Microsoft Project help? First, it stores the details about your project in its database. And it uses that information to calculate and maintain the project's schedule, costs, and other elements, creating a project plan. The more information you provide, the more accurate the plan.

Like a spreadsheet, Microsoft Project displays results of its calculations immediately. But the project plan isn't done until you enter critical information about all tasks. Only then do you see when your project will end or the dates when tasks are scheduled.

Microsoft Project keeps the information you enter and the information it calculates in fields, which contain specific types of information, such as task names or durations. In Microsoft Project, each field usually appears in a column

Seeing the data you need

Today, you're focused on deadlines. Tomorrow, costs. The project database contains a lot of information, but at any given time, you only need a portion of it. To get to information, use these tools:

Views present a subset of project information in a format that's easy to interpret. For example, the Gantt Chart displays basic task information in columns and a bar graph.

Tables define the columns displayed.
Filters focus on specific tasks or resources.

Like TV channels, each view presents a different kind of information. Tables and filters fine-tune the information. Just as switching channels doesn't delete them, changing views, tables, or filters may hide information, but it doesn't delete it. It's still in the database and is still updated.

How Microsoft Project schedules

How does Microsoft Project schedule a task's start and finish? It takes into account many factors, including task dependencies, constraints, and interruptions, such as holidays or vacation days. Most importantly, Microsoft Project schedules each task using the formula duration=work/resource effort, where:

Duration is the actual amount of time that passes before the task is done.
Work is the effort required over a period of time to do the task.
Resource effort is the amount of effort resources are assigned to the task and their allocation.

For example, if:

Three painters work two days on a task, with an effort of 8 hours per day, the work for each resource is 16 hours: (2 days * 8 hours).
The total effort of the resources is 24 hours per day: (3 painters * 8 hours).
The total work for the task is 48 hours: (2 days * 8 hours * 3 painters).
The duration is 2 days: 48 hours / (3 painters * 8 hours).

Understanding this formula is important to understanding how changes you make to tasks affect the project schedule.

Putting it together

After you've created the task list and provided schedule information, your plan is built. You can see a full model of your project, including its finish date and the start and finish dates for every task. What's next?

Review critical paths for potential problems. A critical path is a series of linked tasks that must be done on time for the project to finish on time. If any task on a critical path is delayed, it can end up delaying the project's finish date.

Evaluate and optimize the plan until you're satisfied. Before you start your project and periodically during the project, you'll need to evaluate and adjust the project plan. Consider scope, resources, and schedule.
Update Microsoft Project about the progress of tasks. In return, it'll show you an updated project plan. You can update the plan yourself, or your team can, with Microsoft Project Central or electronic mail. After the plan is updated, review it to see the effect of changes. Is the project over budget? Is a team member now scheduled to work overtime? Is your project going to end late?
Close the project. Evaluate the lessons learned and best practices.

Dome Cylindrical Structure

2007-07-02T00:40:00.000-07:00

Click the File menu > New Model command to display the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to ..
Click on the Shells button to display the Shells form. In that form:

Select Cylinder in the Shell Type drop-down list.
Accept the default Num of Divisions, Angular, 16.
Type 8 in the Number of Divisions, Z edit box.
Type 20 in the Cylinder Height edit box.
Type 10 in the Radius edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click in the “X” in the upper right-hand corner of the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 window to close it.
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Fill Objects box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Edit menu > Add To Model From Template command to display the New Model form. In that form click on the Shells button to display the Shells form. In that form:

Select Spherical Dome in the Shell Type drop-down list.
Accept the default Num Divisions, Angular, 16.
Type 4 in the Number of Divisions, Z edit box.
Type 10 in the Radius, R edit box.
Accept the default Roll Down Angle,T, 90.
Uncheck the Restraints check box if it is not already unchecked.
Click the Locate Origin button to display the Coordinate System form.

Note: The Coordinate System form is being used to define a location of the origin of a new coordinate system and its rotation with respect to the global coordinate system. The origin point of the template will be inserted at the origin of this newly defined coordinate system.

In the Coordinate System form:
- Select the 3D option.
- In the Translations area, type 20 in the Z edit box.
- Click the OK buttons on the Coordinate System and Shell forms to exit all forms.

Press the F7 key on the keyboard to toggle the grid lines off.

Wall Resisting Hydrostatic Pressure

2007-07-02T00:28:00.000-07:00

Hydrostatic Loading
Joint Patterns

Click the File menu > New Model command to display the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to .
Click on the Wall template button to display the Shear Wall form. In that form:

Type 30 in the Number of Divisions, X edit box.
Type 15 in the Number of Divisions, Z edit box.
Type 1 in the Division Space, X edit box.
Type 1 in the Division Space, Z edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the “X” in the top right-hand corner of the 3-D View window to close it.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form. Highlight the CONC material and click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify that the Modulus of Elasticity is 3600 and Poisson’s ratio is 0.2.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to close the forms.

Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Select all of the support joints at the bottom of the wall by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to display the Joint Restraints form. In that form:

Click the fixed base fast restraint button to set all degrees of freedom (U1, U2, U3, R1, R2 and R3) as restrained.
Click the OK button.

Click the Define menu > Joint Patterns command to display the Define Pattern Names form. In that form:

Type HYDRO in the edit box in the Patterns area.
Click the Add New Pattern Name button.
Click the OK button.

Click the Select All button on the side tool bar.
Click the Assign menu > Joint Patterns command to display the Pattern Data form. In that form:

Select HYDRO from the Pattern Name drop-down list.

Note: Press the F1 key on the keyboard for context sensitive help on the form illustrating the definition of the Constants. When finished reading the help, click the “X” in the top right-hand corner of the Help window to close it.

Type -1 in the Constant C edit box.
Type 15 in the Constant D edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Select All button .
Click the Assign menu > Area Loads > Surface Pressure (All) command to display the Area Surface Pressure Load form. In that form:

Select the By Joint Pattern option.
Select HYDRO from the Pattern drop-down list.
Type .0624 in the Multiplier edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed joint force assignments.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Highlight (select) MODAL in the Case Name list and click the Run/Do Not Run Case button.
Verify that the DEAD analysis case is set to Run in the Action list.
Click the Run Now button to run the analysis.

When the analysis is complete check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
Right click on the center joint at the top of the wall and note the Y-direction displacement.
Click the Lock/Unlock Model button and click the resulting OK button to unlock the model.
Select the joints along the sides of the model by “windowing” each side separately.
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to display the Joint Restraints form. In that form:

Click the fixed base fast restraint button to set all degrees of freedom (U1, U2, U3, R1, R2 and R3) as restrained.
Click the OK button.

Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form, click the Run Now button to run the analysis.
When the analysis is complete check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
Right click on the center joint at the top of the wall and note the Y-direction displacement

Barrel Vaulted

2007-07-02T00:21:00.000-07:00

Add To Model From Template
Response Combinations
New Model From Template

Click the File menu > New Model command to display the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to the units to .
Click on the Shells button to display the Shells form. In that form:

Select Barrel Shell in the Shell Type drop-down list.
Accept the default Number of Divisions, Axial, 8.
Accept the default Number of Divisions, Angular, 8.
Type 40 in the Length, L edit box.
Type 35 in the Roll Down Angle, T edit box.
Type 20 in the Radius, T edit box.
Uncheck the Restraints check box.
Click the OK button.

Click in the 3-D View window to make sure it is active. The window is highlighted when it is active.
Click the Select All button on the side toolbar to select the entire structure.
Click the Edit menu > Move command to display the Move form. In that form:

Type 10 in the Delta Z edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Edit menu > Add To Model From Template command to display the New Model form. In that form click on the Shells button to display the Shells form. In that form:

Select Barrel Shell in the Shell Type drop-down list.
Accept the default Number of Divisions, Axial, 8.
Accept the default Number of Divisions, Angular, 8.
Type 40 in the Length, L edit box.
Type 35 in the Roll Down Angle, T edit box.
Type 30 in the Radius, R edit box.
Uncheck the Restraints check box if it is not already unchecked.
Click the Locate Origin button to display the Coordinate System form. In that form:
- Select the 3D option.
- Type 25 in the Z edit box in the Translations area.
- Click the OK buttons on the Coordinate System and Shells forms to exit all forms.

Click in the Y-Z Plane @ X=-20 window to make sure it is active.
Verify that the drop-down list for the Coordinate System shows on the Status Bar.
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Labels box in the Joints area.
Click the OK button.

Right click on joint 82 in the Y-Z Plane @ X=-20 window. The Point Information form is displayed.
Highlight the Y-coordinate (-17.2073) and press the Ctrl and the C keys on the keyboard at the same time to copy the value to the clipboard.
Click the Cancel button to close the Point Information form.
Click the Edit menu > Add To Model From Template command to display the New Model form. In that form click on the Wall button to display the Shear Wall form. In that form:

Type 8 in the Number of Divisions, X edit box.
Type 4 in the Number of Divisions, Z edit box.
Type 5 in the Division Width, X edit box.
Type 2.5 in the Division Width, Z edit box.
Uncheck the Restraints check box if it is not already unchecked.
Click the Edit Grid button to display the Define Grid Data form. In that form:
- Click the Locate System Origin button to display the Coordinate System form. In that form:
  - Select the 3D option.
  - Highlight the Y edit box in the Translations area and press the Ctrl and the V keys on the keyboard at the same time to paste the -17.2073 value from the clipboard.
  - Type 15 in the Z edit box in the Translations area.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Coordinate System, Define Grid Data and Shear Wall forms to exit all forms.

Verify that the drop-down list for the Coordinate System shows on the Status Bar.
Right click on joint 1 in the Y-Z Plane @ X=-20 window. The Point Information form is displayed.
Highlight the Y-coordinate (-11.4715) and press the Ctrl and the C keys on the keyboard at the same time to copy the value to the clipboard.
Click the Cancel button to close the Point Information form.
Click the Edit menu > Add To Model From Template command to display the New Model form. In that form click on the Wall button to display the Shear Wall form. In that form:

Type 8 in the Number of Divisions, X edit box.
Type 4 in the Number of Divisions, Z edit box.
Type 5 in the Division Width, X edit box.
Type 2.5 in the Division Width, Z edit box.
Uncheck the Restraints check box if it is not already unchecked.
Check the Use Custom Grid Spacing and Locate Origin check boxes.
Click the Edit Grid button to display the Define Grid Data form. In that form:
- Click the Locate System Origin button to display the Coordinate System form. In that form:
  - Select the 3D option.
  - Highlight the Y edit box in the Translations area and press the Ctrl and the V keys on the keyboard at the same time to paste the -11.4715 value from the clipboard.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Coordinate System, Define Grid Data and Shear Wall forms to exit all forms.

Verify that the drop-down list for the Coordinate System shows on the Status Bar.
Click in the Y-Z Plane @ X=-20 window to make sure it is active.
Click the View menu > Set 2D View command to display the Set 2D View form. In that form:

Select the X-Z plane option.
Type -11.4715 in the Y= edit box.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the objects in this view by “windowing.”
Click the View menu > Set 2D View command to display the Set 2D View form. In that form:

Select the X-Z plane option.
Type -17.2073 in the Y= edit box.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the objects in this view by “windowing.”
Click the View menu > Show Selection Only command.
Click the Perspective Toggle button .
Click the View menu > Show Grid command to toggle the grids off.
Click the View menu > Show Axes command to toggle the axes off.
Click the Draw menu > Draw Poly Area command to display the Properties of Object form. Verify that ASEC1 is shown in the Property drop-down box.
In the X-Z perspective view, click on joints 163, 195, 73 and 1, in that order, and press the Enter key on the keyboard to draw an area object.
Click the Set Select Mode button on the side toolbar to exit Draw mode and enter Select mode.
Click on the just drawn area object to select it.
Click the Edit menu > Mesh Areas command to display the Mesh Selected Shells form.
Fill in this form as shown in the figure and click the OK button.

Note: It is difficult to figure out whether to mesh shells 3 by 8 or 8 by 3. It is often easiest to just go ahead and try one way, and if it isn’t right, simply click the Undo button and mesh the shells the other way.

Select all of the objects in the X-Z perspective view by “windowing.”
Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to display the Replicate form. In that form:

Select the Mirror Tab.
In the Mirror About Line area select the Parallel to Z option.
In the Intersection of Plane with XY Plane area, type 0 in the x1 edit box if it is not already entered.
Type 1 in the x2 edit box.
Type 0 in the y1 edit box if it is not already entered.
Type 0 in the y2 edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the View menu > Set 2D View command to display the Set 2D View form. In that form:

Select the X-Y plane option.
Type 0 in the Z= edit box if it is not already entered.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the joints at this level by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to display the Joint Restraints form. In that form:

Verify that the Translation 1, 2 and 3 boxes are all checked.
Click the OK button.

Click the View menu > Set 2D View command to display the Set 2D View form. In that form:

Select the Y-Z plane option.
Type 20 in the X= edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to reset the window title.
Click the View menu > Show All command.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify 3600 is entered in the Modulus of Elasticity edit box.
Verify 0.2 is entered in the Poisson’s Ratio edit box.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to exit all forms.

Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify that 4.661E-03 is entered in the Mass per unit Volume edit box.
Verify that 0.15 is entered in the Weight per unit Volume edit box.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Material forms to exit all forms.

Click the Define menu > Area Sections command to display the Area Sections form. In that form:
- Click the Modify/Show Section button to display the Area Section Data form. In that form:
  - Verify that the Material Name is CONC.
  - Verify that the Shell option is chosen in the Area Type area.
  - Verify that both the Membrane and Bending thicknesses are 1.
  - Verify that the Shell option is chosen in the Type area.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Area Section Data and Area Sections forms to exit all forms.

Click the Define menu > Load Cases command to display the Define Loads form. In that form:

Type LIVE in the Load Name edit box.
Select LIVE from the Type drop-down box.
Click the Add New Load button.
Click the OK button.

Click the Define menu > Combinations command to display the Define Response Combinations form. In that form:

Click the Add New Combo button to display the Response Combination Data form. In that form:
- Accept the default Response Combination Name, COMB1.
- Accept the default Combination Type, Linear Add.
- Select DEAD in the Case Name drop-down box (if it is not already selected) and type 1 in the Scale Factor edit box (if not already entered).
- Click the Add button.
- Select LIVE in the Case Name drop-down box.
- Click the Add button.
- Click the OK buttons on the Response Combination Data and Define Response Combinations forms to exit all forms.

Click in the 3-D View window to activate it. Be careful not to accidentally select any objects when you do this.
Click the View menu > Set Limits command to display the Set Limits form. In that form:

Type 25 in the Min edit box in the Set Z Axis Limits area.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the displayed objects in the 3D View window (i.e., all objects in the roof barrel) by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) command to display the Area Uniform Loads form. In that form:

Select LIVE from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type .3 in the Load edit box.
Verify that Gravity is selected in the Direction drop-down box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of area uniform loads and to remove the limits that were set.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Click on MODAL in the Case Name list to highlight it.
Click the Run/Do Not Run Case button.
Click the Run Now button.

When the analysis is complete, check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
Click in the window entitled 3-D View to activate it.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .

Right click on the center joint of the upper barrel vault to see its self weight displacement in inches.
Right click on the center joint of the lower barrel vault to see its self weight displacement in inches.
Click the Show Deformed Shape button to display the Deformed Shape form. In that form:

Select COMB1 from the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
Click the OK button.

Right click on the center joint of the upper barrel vault to see its self weight plus live load displacement in inches.
Right click on the center joint of the lower barrel vault to see its self weight plus live load displacement in inches.

Tutorial - Creating a view into the world of infrared

2007-07-02T00:18:00.000-07:00

Tutorial - Creating a view into the world of infrared

Download the tutorial images: ir_tutorial.zip (1,633kb) filter_outline.zip (1,638kb)

This tutorial will take you through the steps of creating an image that serves as a good illustration of a view into the world of infrared. You will need one infrared photograph and one full color photograph taken from the exact same place (again, a tripod is ideal), a photograph of a filter, frame, or similar object, and Adobe Photoshop. For the purposes of this tutorial, I will be using Adobe Photoshop 5.0. The filter or frame will be used to frame the infrared portion of the image in the final composite. If you don't want to deal with finding, photographing, and masking the frame, you can use the one that I used in the above image.

First, open the image of the filter, or frame in Photoshop. You'll need to cut out the entire filter or frame, not including the center portion. If you do not know how to do this, use the filter included with this tutorial, and read up on masking later -- it's a good skill to have in your arsenal of image manipulation tricks.

Now, open both the color and infrared images. You'll probably want to auto-level the infrared image in Photoshop (Shift-Ctrl-L), or manipulate both images to make them look perfect before proceeding to the next step.


	Fig 4. The original infrared and color images (above), and the masked filter (left).

Our goal is to merge all three images into our final product. First, click on the window with the color photo to make it active. We're going to copy its contents into a new Photoshop document. Hit Ctrl-A to select the entire image, and then Ctrl-C to copy it to the clipboard. Now, create a new Photoshop document (Ctrl-N), accept the defaults in the window by clicking "OK" (it will automatically size to the size of the image you're copying), and paste the image into the new windows (Ctrl-V). You will see a copy of the color image in your new window. If you don't see the layers control window, select the menu item Windows->Show Layers to make sure it is visible. Double click the "Layer 1" layer and rename it to something more descriptive, like "Color Image". Now, save the new document and continue. I'm going to refer to this new document as the composite image from now on.

Now we need to copy the entire contents of the infrared photo into the composite image's window as a new layer. Copy the contents of the infrared photo into the new window by following the same steps above. Click on the infrared image's window, hit Ctrl-A and then Ctrl-C. Click the composite image's window, and hit Ctrl-V to paste in the new layer. You'll see a new layer labeled "Layer 1" appear in the Layers tab in one of the control windows. Double-click on "Layer 1" to change the name to something more descriptive, such as ""Infrared Image".

Do the exact same thing with the filter image, and rename the layer to "Filter".


Fig 5. The layers palette and current image

Now we have a document with three layers: a color image, an infrared version of the same image, and a filter. In the composite image's window, you should only see the infrared image with a filter on top of it because the color layer is being blocked by the ones above it in the list of layers.

Our next goal is to size the filter to an appropriate size, and then apply a mask to the infrared layer to let the color image through everywhere except for the area inside the filter. Select the "Filter" layer so that it is hilighted in the layers window. Now, select Edit->Transform->Scale from your menu bar. Click on one of the corner rectangles, and drag the cursor around while holding the mouse button down. When you let go of the mouse button, the filter will resize itself to fit in the bounding box you just specified. Note that you can hold down the Shift key while resizing to force the filter to stay circular. You can also move the filter around by clicking anywhere inside the box and dragging the cursor while holding the mouse button down. Adjust the size and position of the filter until you are happy. When you are done, double click anywhere in the box to commit your changes.

The final step is to reveal the color image in the area around the filter by creating a layer mask to control how different areas within the layer are hidden and revealed. In particular, we want to hide all portions of the infrared image outside of the filter, and reveal the portions inside the filter. We could just erase the entire area around the filter, but creating a layer mask lets us hide the area without actually destroying the original image. Click on the "Infrared Image" layer to make it active. Select the lasso tool from the control panel, and trace a circle along the ring of the filter while depressing the mouse button. Try to keep the lines from the lasso tool completely within the black area of the filter ring. When you've completed the ring, release the mouse button. You should see a moving dotted line along the path you traced. Don't be too concerned about drawing an exact circle -- the filter itself will hide any irregularities in the line.

Fig 6. The
lasso tool

Now that we've selected the portion we want to keep, we just have to create the layer mask. Select Layer->Add Layer Mask->Reveal Selection in the menu. The color image should suddenly appear around the filter, leaving us with our final image. Save the image now -- you're done!

Closing Notes

Infrared imaging has opened my mind to another way of looking at the world. Whenever I see the visual interaction of foliage with man-made object, I often try to imagine how the scene would look in other color spectra. I look up at trees framed by a brilliant blue sky, and imagine brilliant white forms against a black background.

With the quality of the current crop of new digital cameras, exploring infrared photography is finally a possibility for those of us who don't want to deal with the hassles of traditional infrared photography. While it is by no means a replacement for photography in the realm of visible light, it certainly adds a unique, creative twist to digital imaging.

Questions?Feel free to contact me at eric@echeng.com, or visit my website on digital infrared photography at http://www.echeng.com/photo/infrared/

Flat Plate In The X-Y Plane Wuth A Twist

2007-07-02T00:12:00.000-07:00

Mesh Area Objects
“Trick” Problem

Click the File menu > New Model command to display the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to .
Click on the Grid Only button to display the New Coord/Grid System form. In that form:

Select the Cartesian Tab.
In the Number of Grid Lines area, type 3 in the X direction edit box.
In the Number of Grid Lines area, type 3 in the Y direction edit box.
In the Number of Grid Lines area, type 1 in the Z direction edit box.

In the Grid Spacing area, type 4 the X direction edit box.

In the Grid Spacing area, type 6 the Y direction edit box.

Click the OK button.

Click the “X” in the top right-hand corner of the 3-D View window to close it.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Highlight the CONC material and click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify that the Modulus of Elasticity is 3600.
Verify that the Poisson’s Ratio is 0.2.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to close the forms.

Click the Define menu > Area Sections command to display the Area Sections form. In that form:
- Click the Modify/Show Section button to display the Area Section Data form. In that form:
  - Verify that the selected Material Name is CONC.
  - Verify that the Shell option is selected in the Area Type area.
  - Verify that both the Membrane and the Bending thicknesses are 12.
  - Verify that the Shell option is selected in the Type area.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Area Section Data and Area Sections forms to close all forms.

Verify that the Snap to Points and Grid Intersections button on the side toolbar is depressed.
Click the Draw Rectangular Area button on the side toolbar or the Draw menu > Draw Rectangular Area command to display the Properties of Object form. In that form:

Verify that the selected Property is ASEC1.

Click on upper left-hand corner grid intersection (Point “B” in the problem statement) and then click on the lower right-hand grid intersection (Point “A”) to draw an area object over the entire structure.
Click the Set Select Mode button to exit the Draw mode and enter Select mode.
Click on the area object to select it.
Click the Edit menu > Mesh Areas command to display the Mesh Selected Shells form.
Fill in this form as shown in the adjacent figure and click the OK button.
Select the joints that are labeled “A,” “B” and “C” in the problem statement.
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to display the Joint Restraints form. In that form:

Uncheck the Translation 1 and
Translation 2 check boxes.
Verify that the Translation 3 check box is checked.
Verify that the Rotation about 1, 2 and 3 check boxes are not checked.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of joint restraints and reset the window display (and title).
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Labels box in the Joints area.
Click the OK button.

Select joint 106 (coordinates 7, 12, 0) by clicking on it.
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Type -814 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Select joint 16 (coordinates 1, 6, 0) by clicking on it.
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Type -698 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Select joint 32 (coordinates 2, 3, 0) by clicking on it.
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Type -901 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to reset the window display.
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Uncheck the Labels box in the Joints area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Analyze menu > Set Analysis Options command to display the Analysis Options form. In that form:

Click the Plane Grid XY Plane button to set the available degrees of freedom.
Click the OK button.

Click the Set Default 3D View button to switch to a 3-D View.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Highlight (select) MODAL in the Case Name list and click the Run/Do Not Run Case button.
Verify that the DEAD analysis case is set to Run in the Action list.
Click the Run Now button to run the analysis.

When the analysis is complete check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Joints command to display the Joint Reaction Forces form. In that form:

Verify that the Reactions option is selected in the Type area.
Click the OK button and view the support reactions.

Note: The reaction at the joint labeled “C” in the problem statement is virtually zero (0). The reason for this apparently odd result is that the resultant of all the applied loads lies on a line connecting the support points labeled “A” and “B,” and thus by simple statics, the reaction at support point “C” must be zero. Note that you could move the support point labeled “C” anywhere on the structure (except on the line connecting support points “A” and “B” because this would result in an unstable structure) and the resulting reactions would not change.

Prestressed Concrete Beam

2007-07-01T23:58:00.000-07:00

Response Combinations
Output Stations
Prestressing

Click the File menu > New Model command to display the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to .
Click the Beam button to display the Beam form. In that form:

Type 1 in the Number of Spans edit box.

Type 30 in the Span Length edit box.

Click the OK button.

Click the “X” in the top right-hand corner of the 3-D View window to close it.
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify 0.15 is entered in the Weight per Unit Volume edit box.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to close all forms.

Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to.
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Type 4400 in the Modulus of Elasticity edit box.
Verify .2 is entered in the Poisson’s Ratio edit box.
Type 6 in the Specified Conc Comp Strength, f′c edit box.
Verify 60 is entered in the Bending Reinf Yield Stress, fy edit box.
Type 60 in the Shear Reinf. Yield Stress, fys edit box.
Accept the other default values.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to close all forms.

Click the Define menu > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Click the drop-down box that reads Add I/Wide Flange and then click on the Add Rectangular item.
Click the Add New Property button to display the Rectangular Section form. In that form:
- Type CONBEAM in the Section Name edit box.
- Select CONC from the Material drop-down box.
- Type 30 in the Depth (t3) edit box.
- Type 18 in the Width (t2) edit box.
- Click the OK buttons on the Rectangular Section and Frame Properties forms to close all forms.

Click the Define menu > Load Cases command to display the Define Loads form. In that form:
- Type LIVE in the Load Name edit box.
- Select LIVE from the Type drop-down box.
- Click the Add New Load button.
- Type PRESTRES in the Load Name edit box.
- Select OTHER from the Type drop-down box.
- Click the Add New Load button.
- Click the OK button.
Select the line (frame) object by clicking on it.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:
- Click on CONBEAM in the Properties list box to highlight it.
- Click the OK button.
Click the Draw menu > Frame/Cable/Tendons command to display the Properties of Object form. In that form,

Click the Line Object Type drop-down list and select the Tendon option.
Click on the joint at one end of the beam and then click on the joint at the other end of the beam to draw the tendon. The Tendon Data for Line Object 3 form will display when you release the mouse button.

With the Tendon Data for Line Object 3 form displayed, click the Parabolic Calculator button to display the Define Parabolic Tendon Layout for Line Object 3 form. In that form,
- Select 1 from the Quick Start drop-down list in the lower left corner of the form.
- Click the Quick Start button to update the Tendon Layout Data spreadsheet. An additional row of data will be added to the spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet area,
- Click the Refresh button to update the spreadsheet area and the graphical display area.
- Ensure that the Use Calculated Results for This Tendon check box is checked.
- Click the Done button to close the Define Parabolic Tendon Layout for Line Object 3 form and redisplay the Tendon Data for Line Object 3 form.
With the Tendon Data for Line Object 3 form redisplayed, click the Add button in the Tendon Loads area of the form to display the Tendon Load form. In that form,
- Select the PRESTRES load case from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
- Type 200 in the Force edit box.
- Ensure that all of the Friction and Anchorage Losses and Other Loss Parameters are zero. If necessary, type zero in the Curvature Coefficient, Wobble Coefficient, Anchorage Set Slip, Elastic Shortening Stress, Creep Stress, Shrinkage Stress and Steel Relaxation Stress edit boxes.
- Click the OK buttons on the Tendon Load form and the Tendon Data for Line Object 3 form to close those forms.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Combinations command to display the Define Response Combinations form. In that form:
- Click the Add New Combo button to display the Response Combination Data form. In that form:
  - Accept the default Response Combination Name, COMB1
  - Accept the default Combination Type, Linear Add.
  - Verify the DEAD Case is selected in the Case Name drop-down box.
  - Verify that 1 is entered in the Scale Factor edit box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Select LIVE Case from the Case Name drop-down box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Select PRESTRES Case from the Case Name drop-down box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Response Combination Data and Define Response Combinations forms to close all forms.
Select the line (frame) object.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:
- Verify that the Load Case Name is DEAD.
- In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected and that the Gravity direction is selected.
- In the Uniform Load area, type 2.2.
- Click the OK button.
Select the line (frame) object.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:

Select LIVE from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Uniform Load area type 1.6.
Click the OK button.

Select the line (frame) object.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Output Stations command to display the Assign Output Station Spacing form. In that form:

Type 4 in the Min Number Stations edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed frame output station assignments.
Click the Analyze menu > Set Analysis Options command to display the Analysis Options form.

In that form click the Plane Frame XZ Plane button to set the available degrees of freedom.
Click the OK button.

Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Highlight (select) MODAL in the Case Name list and click the Run/Do Not Run Case button.
Verify that the DEAD analysis case is set to Run in the Action list.
Verify that the LIVE analysis case is set to Run in the Action list.
Verify that the PRESTRES analysis case is set to Run in the Action list.
Click the Run Now button to run the analysis.

When the analysis is complete check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables/Tendons command to display the Member Force Diagram for Frames form. In that form:

Select COMB1 from the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
Select the Moment 3-3 option in the Component area.
Uncheck the Fill Diagram check box.
Check the Show Values on Diagram check box.
Click the OK button to display the moment diagram.

Note: You may want to print this moment diagram for comparison with the one obtained when 20 output stations are specified. To print the moment diagram, click the File menu > Print Graphics command.

Note: For response combinations, when force diagrams are plotted, exact values are only calculated at the ends of each output station. Those exact values are plotted and then they are connected with straight lines.

Click the Lock/Unlock Model button to unlock the model. Click the OK button when asked if it is ok to delete.
Select the line (frame) object.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Output Stations command to display the Assign Output Station Spacing form. In that form:

Type 20 in the Min Number Stations edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed frame output station assignments.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form, click the Run Now button to run the analysis.
When the analysis is complete, check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window
Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables/Tendons command to display the Member Force Diagram for Frames form. In that form:

Verify that the COMB1 is selected in the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
Verify that the Moment 3-3 option is selected in the Component area.
Verify that the Show Values on Diagram check box is checked.
Click the OK button to display the moment diagram.

Tutorial: Creating Page Mock-ups Create a working folder

2007-06-29T08:07:00.000-07:00

This tutorial will guide you through the basic tasks of creating a mock-up of a web page with Macromedia Fireworks 8. Page mock-ups are typically used to show proposed page designs to colleagues or clients. Once a design is approved, the mock-up is used by web designers as a blueprint to create the page.

In this tutorial, you’ll complete the following tasks:

Create a working folder

Before you begin, create a working folder that includes the sample files used in the tutorials in Getting Started. This task consists of creating the working folder on your hard disk and copying the sample files from the Fireworks application folder to the working folder.

Create a new folder called local_sites somewhere on your hard disk. For example, create a folder called local_sites in either of the following locations:
- (Windows) C:\Documents and Settings\your_user_name\ My Documents\local_sites
- (Macintosh) /Users/your_user_name/Documents/local_sites
On the Macintosh, there’s a folder called Sites already in your user folder. Don’t use that Sites folder as your local folder; the Sites folder is where you place your pages to make them publicly accessible when you’re using the Macintosh as a web server.
Locate the cafe_townsend and global folders in the Fireworks application folder on your hard disk. If you installed Fireworks to its default location, the path to the folders is as follows:
- (Windows) C:\Program Files\Macromedia\ Fireworks 8\Tutorial_assets\
- (Macintosh) /Applications/Macromedia Fireworks 8/Tutorial_assets/
Copy the cafe_townsend and global folders to your local_sites folder

Review your task (next time)

Create and save a new document(next time)

Import and place images(next time)

Create a composite of the content area(next time)

Place text and images(next time)

Export the image for the web(next time)

Steel Construction

2007-06-29T02:13:00.000-07:00

Features

Diaphragm Constraint
Design Optimization
Automatic Area Mesh
Mode Shapes
New Model (not from template, started from scratch)
Linear Replication
Mirror Replication
Radial Replication
Steel Design

Click the File menu > New Model command to displays the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to .
Click the Blank button .

Click the Define menu > Coordinate Systems/Grids command to display the Coordinate/Grid Systems form.
In that form click on the Modify/Show System button to display the Define Grid Data form. Fill in the form as shown in Figure C-1. Type values in the Grid ID and Ordinate cells; click in the Line Type, Visibility, and Bubble Loc. cells until the appropriate option appears:

Click the OK buttons on the Coordinate/Grid System Data and Coordinate/Grid Systems forms to exit the forms.

Click in the left window entitled 3-D View to make sure it is active. The window is highlighted when it is active.
Click the Set Default 3D View button to change to the default 3-d view.
Click in the right window entitled 3-D View to make sure it is active. Click the Set XZ View button to change the view to an X-Z elevation. Note that the title of the window changes to X-Z Plane @ Y=0.
Click the Quick Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or click the Draw menu > Quick Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command to display the Properties of Object form. By default, the Line Object Type should be Straight Frame. If it is not, click in that box to display the drop-down list and click on Straight Frame to select it. We will ignore the other property settings shown because other assignments will be made later in the modeling process.
Click on the grid line at the point labeled “A” in Figure C-2 to enter a frame object.
Click on the grid line at the point labeled “B” in Figure C-2 to enter another frame object

Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon Element button or the Draw menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command to display the Properties of Object form. Again, be sure that the Line Object Type is Straight Frame. We will ignore the other property settings shown in the form because other assignments will be made later in the modeling process.
Click on the points labeled “C,” “D,” and “E” in Figure C-2, in that order, and then press the Enter key on the keyboard to draw two more frame objects.
Click on the point labeled “F” and then double click the point labeled “E” in Figure C-2 to draw the next frame object.

Note: You could have single-clicked the point labeled “E” in Figure C-2 and then pressed the Enter key on the keyboard to finish drawing the frame object.

Click on the point labeled “G” and then double click the point labeled “D” in Figure C-2 to draw the next frame object.
Click on the point labeled “D” and then double click the point labeled “F” in Figure C-2 to draw the next frame object.
Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw Mode and enter Select Mode.
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Labels box in the Joints area.
Check the Labels box in the Frames/Cables/Tendon area.
Check the Fill Objects box.
Click the OK button. The screen appears as shown in Figure C-3.

Click on line objects 1 and 3 to select them.
Click the Edit menu > Divide Frames command to display the Divide Selected Frames form. Verify that this form is filled out as shown in the adjacent figure and click the OK button.
Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or click the Draw menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command. Again, we can ignore the current property settings displayed in the Properties of Object form. As an alternate method, we could have defined the sections before drawing the frame objects, and then assigned the sections when drawing using the Properties of Objects form.

Draw frame objects by single clicking then double clicking on the joints identified in the following table:

Click on This Joint	Double Click on This Joint
9	13
8	12
7	11
6	10
13	2
12	9
11	8
10	7

Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw Mode and enter Select Mode.
Click in the Window labeled X-Z Plane @ Y=0 to activate it.
Click the Select All button to select all objects.
Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to display the Replicate form. In that form:

Select the Mirror Tab.
In the Mirror About Plane area select Parallel to Y.
In the Intersection of Plane with XZ Plane area type 10.5 in the x1 edit box.
Type 10.5 in the x2 edit box.
Click the OK button to proceed with the replication.

Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon Element button or the Draw menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.
Click on joint 4 and then double click on joint 17 to draw a frame object.

Note: If the font size for the joint labels is too small, use the following procedure to increase the font size. Click the Options menu > Preferences > Dimensions/Tolerances command and type in a new (larger) font size in the Minimum Graphic Font Size edit box (usually 6 points is sufficient), click the OK button and then click the Refresh Window button .

To read a particular joint label, right click on the joint to bring up a form that displays the joint label.

Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw Mode and enter Select Mode.
Click the Select All button to select all objects.
Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to display the Replicate form. In that form:

Select the Radial Tab.
In the Rotate About Line area select the Parallel to Z option.
In the Intersection of Line with XY Plane area verify that X is 0 and Y is 0.
In the Increment Data area verify that the Number is 1 and the Angle is 90.
Click the OK button to proceed with the replication.

Click the Get Previous Selection button .
Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to display the Replicate form. In that form:

Verify the Linear Tab is selected.
In the Increments area type 21 in the dy edit box.
Verify that 0 is entered in the dx and dz edit boxes.
Verify that 1 is entered in the Number edit box.
Click the OK button to proceed with the replication.

Click in the window entitled X-Z Plane @ Y=0 to make sure it is active.
Click the Set YZ View button to change the view to a Y-Z elevation. Note that the title of the window changes to Y-Z Plane @ X=0.
Select all of the elements in the Y-Z plane @ X=0 by “windowing.”
Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to display the Replicate form. In that form:

Verify the Linear Tab is selected.
In the Increments area type 21 in the dx edit box.
In the Increments area type 0 in the dy edit box.
Verify that 0 is entered in the dz edit box.
Verify that 1 is entered in the Number edit box.
Click the OK button to proceed with the replication.

Click the Set XY View button to change the view to an X-Y plan. Note that the title of the window changes to X-Y Plane @ Z=0.
Select the four joints at this level by “windowing” or clicking on them individually.
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to display the Joint Restraints form. In that form:

Verify that the Translation 1, Translation 2 and Translation 3 boxes are checked.
Verify that the Rotation About 1, Rotation About 2 and Rotation About 3 boxes are not checked.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to reset the window display from joint restraints to undeformed geometry. Note that the window title changes.
Click the Move Up in List button to display the plan view at Z=25.
Click the Draw Rectangular Area Element button on the side toolbar or the Draw menu > Draw Rectangular Area command to display the Properties of Object form. Again, we can ignore the current property setting.
Click on joint 33 and then joint 15 to draw an area object over the entire plan.
Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw Mode and enter Select Mode.
Click on the area object to select it.
Click the Assign menu > Area > Automatic Area Mesh command to display the Assign Automatic Area Mesh form.
Fill in this form as shown in Figure C-4 and click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to reset the window display.
Click the Move Up in List button to display the elevation view at Z=37.
Click the Draw Rectangular Area Element button or the Draw menu > Draw Rectangular Area command to display the Properties of Object form.
Click on joint 34 and then joint 16 to draw an area object over the entire plan.
Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw Mode and enter Select Mode.
Click on the area object to select it.
Click the Assign menu > Area > Automatic Area Mesh command to display the Assign Automatic Area Mesh form.
Fill in this form as shown in the adjacent figure and click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to reset the window display.
Click the Set Display Options button (or the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Uncheck the Labels box in the Joints area.
Uncheck the Labels box in the Frames/Cables/Tendon area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Define menu > Load Cases command to display the Define Loads form. In that form:

Type LIVE in the Load Name edit box.
Select LIVE from the Type drop-down box.
Verify that 0 is in the Self Weight Multiplier edit box.
Click the Add New Load button.
Click the OK button.

Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form. In that form:
- Highlight the CONC material and click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:
  - Verify that the Mass per Unit Volume is 4.662E-03.
  - Verify that the Weight per Unit Volume is 0.15.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to exit all forms.

Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to _.
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form. In that form:
- Highlight the STEEL material and click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:
  - Verify that the Modulus of Elasticity is 29000.
  - Verify that Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
  - Verify that the steel yield stress is 36.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data and Define Materials forms to exit the forms.

Click the Define menu > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Click the drop-down box that reads Import I/Wide Flange and select the Import Angle option.
Click the Add New Property button to display the Section Property File form. Locate the Sections.pro file, which should be located in the same directory as the SAP2000 program files. Highlight Sections.pro and click the Open button.
A form appears with a list of all angle sections in the database. In that form:
- Scroll down and highlight the L4x4x1/2 by clicking on it.
- Hold down the Shift key on the keyboard and click on the L4x4x7/16 angle. All of the L4x4 angles will now be selected (seven total).
- Click the OK buttons on the two forms to return to the Frame Properties form.
Click the drop-down box that reads Add I/Wide Flange and select the Add Auto Select option.
Click the Add New Property button to display the Auto Selection Sections form. In that form:
- Highlight all of the angles in the List of Sections list box by clicking on the top angle, pressing and holding down the shift key on the keyboard, and clicking on the bottom angle.
- Click the Add button to add the angles to the Auto Selections list box.
- Click the OK buttons on the Auto Selection Sections and Frame Properties forms to exit all forms.

Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Area Sections command to display the Area Sections form. In that form:
- Click the Modify/Show Section button to display the Area Section Data form. In that form:
  - Verify the Material specified is CONC.
  - Verify that the Shell option is selected in the Area Type area.
  - In the Thickness area, type .6667 in both the Membrane and Bending edit boxes.
  - Verify that the Shell option is chosen in the Type area.
  - Click the OK buttons on the Area Section Data and Area Sections forms to exit all forms.

Click in the 3D View window to make sure it is active.
Click the Select All button on the side toolbar to select all objects.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Highlight the AUTO1 section.
Click the OK button.

Click the Select All button to select all elements.
Click the Assign menu > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) command to display the Area Uniform Loads form. In that form:

Verify DEAD is selected in the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Uniform Load area, type .05 (50 psf) in the Load edit box.
In the Uniform Load area, verify that the Direction item is set to Gravity.
Click the OK button.

Click the Select All button on the side toolbar to select all objects.
Click the Assign menu > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) command to display the Area Uniform Loads form. In that form:

Select LIVE in the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Uniform Load area, type .1 (100 psf) in the Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of the area loads.
Click in the window labeled X-Y Plane @ Z=37 to activate it.
Select all of the objects in the plan view by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Constraints command to display the Assign/Define Constraints form. In that form:

In the Choose Constraint Type for Add area, click the drop-down box that reads Body and select Diaphragm.
Click the Add New Constraint button to display the Diaphragm Constraint form. In that form:
- Type ROOF in the Constraint Name edit box.
- Verify that the Z Axis option is selected in the Constraint Axis area.
- Click the OK buttons on the Diaphragm Constraint and the Assign/Define Constraints forms to exit all forms.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of the joint constraints and reset the window display.
Click the Move Down in List button to move to the X-Y Plane @ Z=25.
Select all of the objects in the plan view by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint > Constraints command to display the Assign/Define Constraints form. In that form:

In the Choose Constraint Type for Add area, click the drop-down box that reads Body and select Diaphragm.
Click the Add New Constraint button to display the Diaphragm Constraint form. In that form:
- Type SECOND in the Constraint Name edit box.
- Verify that the Z Axis option is selected in the Constraint Axis area.
- Click the OK buttons on the Diaphragm Constraint and the Assign/Define Constraints forms to exit all forms.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of the joint constraints and reset the window display.
Click the Define menu > Analysis Cases command to display the Analysis Cases form. In that form:

Click on MODAL in the Case Name list to highlight it.
Click the Modify/Show Case button to display the Analysis Case Data form. In that form:
- In the Number of Modes area, type 3 in the Maximum Number of Modes edit box.
- Click the OK buttons on the Analysis Case Data and Analysis Cases forms to exit all forms.

Click the Options menu > Preferences > Steel Frame Design command to display the Steel Frame Design Preferences form. In that form:

Select AISC-ASD89 from the Design Code drop-down box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Verify that the DEAD, MODAL and LIVE analysis cases are all set to Run in the Action list.
Click the Run Now button to run the analysis.

When the analysis is complete, check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the Analysis window.
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to initiate the design. The design proceeds and when it is complete P-M interaction ratios are displayed.
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Display Design Info command to display the Display Steel Design Results form. In that form:

Select the Design Input option. Verify that Design Sections is displayed in the drop-down box.
Click the OK button. The sections chosen by the program are displayed.

Note: Zoom in using the Rubber Band Zoom button to view the chosen sections better.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the display of frame sections and interaction colors.
If you have zoomed in for a better view of the chosen sections, then click the Restore Full View button .
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command to display the number of members that changed sections between analysis and design. If this number is greater than 1, the analysis should be re-run with the sections chosen during design. Click NO to close the form.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Verify that the DEAD, MODAL and LIVE analysis cases are all set to Run in the Action list.
Click the Run Now button to run the analysis with the updated design sections.

When the analysis is complete check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the Analysis window.
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to initiate the design.
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command to display the number of members that changed sections between analysis and design. Steps 91 through 94 should be repeated until the adjacent form appears. Click OK to close the form.
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Verify All Members Passed command to display the number of members that do not pass the stress/capacity check. If members do not pass the stress/capacity check after all analysis and design sections match, the Auto Select Sections list will need to be altered to include larger sections. Click the NO button to close the form.
Click the Show Deformed Shape button (or the Display menu > Show Deformed Shape command) to display the Deformed Shape form. In that form:
- Verify that MODAL is selected in the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
- Type 1 in the Mode Number edit box.
- Click the OK button.
Click the Start Animation button , located in the status bar at the bottom of the SAP2000 window, to animate the mode shape.
Click the Right Arrow button , located in the status bar at the bottom of the screen, to view the second mode shape.
Click the Right Arrow button again to view the third mode shape.
Click the Stop Animation button , located in the status bar at the bottom of the SAP2000 window, to stop the mode shape animation.

CONCRETE WALL AND STEEL FRAME

2007-06-29T01:44:00.000-07:00

Click the File menu > New Model command to access the New Model form.
Click the drop-down box to set the units to .
Click the 2D Frames button to display the 2D Frames form. In that form:

Select Portal in the 2D Frame Type drop-down list.
Type 5 in the Number of Stories edit box.
Type 4 in the Number of Bays edit box.
Type 13 in the Story Height edit box.
Type 25 in the Bay Width edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the “X” in the top right-hand corner of the 3-D View window to close that view.
Click the Set Display Options toolbar button (or click the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Labels box in the Joints area.
Check the Labels box in the Frames/Cables area.
Click the OK button.

Select column objects 18, 19, 20, 23, 24 and 25 and beam objects 38, 39, 40, 43, 44 and 45. Press the delete key on the keyboard to delete those objects.

Note: Objects can be selected by clicking on each one individually, “windowing” over them, using the Intersecting Line Select Mode, or using the Select menu > Select > Labels command.

Click the Define menu > Coordinate Systems/Grids command to display the Coordinate/Grid Systems form.
Click on GLOBAL in the Systems list box to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show System button to display the Define Grid Data for {Name} Coordinate System form. In that form:

Check the Glue to Grid Lines box in the right middle of the form.
In the X Grid Data area, click in the Ordinate cell for Grid ID x5 (it should read 50 now). Type 53 in the edit box.
In the Z Grid Data area, click in the Ordinate cell for Grid ID z1 (it should read 0 now). Type -1 in the edit box.
Click the OK button on the Define Grid Data for {Name} Coordinate System form and the Coordinate/Grid Systems form.

Click the Refresh Window button to refresh the drawing.
Select beams 41 and 42.
Click the Edit menu > Divide Frames command to display the Divide Selected Frames form.
Fill in the form as shown in the figure (typically the form will default to these values) and click the OK button.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on STEEL in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Type 0 in the Mass per Unit Volume edit box.
Type 0 in the Weight per Unit Volume edit box.
Type 29500 in the Modulus of Elasticity edit box.
Type .3 in the Poisson’s Ratio edit box, if it is not already entered.
Type 0 in the Coeff of Thermal Expansion edit box.
Type 36 in the Minimum Yield Stress, Fy edit box, if it is not already entered.
Type 58 in the Minimum Tensile Stress, Fu edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Type 4000 in the Modulus of Elasticity edit box.
Type .22 in the Poisson’s Ratio edit box
Click the OK button to accept these values and the other values on the form.

Click the OK button to close the Define Materials form.
Click the drop-down box in the status bar to change the units to .
Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define Materials form.
Click on CONC in the Materials area to highlight it (select it), and then click the Modify/Show Material button to display the Material Property Data form. In that form:

Verify 0.15 is displayed in the Weight per Unit Volume edit box.
Click the OK buttons on the Material Property Data form and the Define Materials form.

Click the Define menu > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form.
In the Choose Property Type to Add area, click the drop-down box that reads Import I/Wide Flange, highlight the Import I/Wide Flange item, and then click on the Add New Property button.
If the Section Property File form appears, locate the Sections.pro file, which should be located in the same directory as the SAP2000 program files. Highlight Sections.pro and click the Open button.
A form appears with a list of all wide flange sections in the database. In that form:

Scroll down and click on the W16X36 section.
Click the OK button on the form and on the next form to return to the Frame Properties form.

In the Choose Property Type to Add area, click the drop-down box that reads Import I/Wide Flange, highlight the Import Box/Tube item, and then click on the Add New Property button.
A form appears with a list of all structural tube sections in the database. In that form:

Scroll up/down and click on the TS6X6X1/4 section.
Click the OK button on the database form, the Box/Tube Section form, and the Frame Properties form to exit all of forms.

Click the Define menu > Area Sections command to display the Area Sections form.
In the Click To area, click the Add New Section button to display the Area Section Data form. In that form:

Type WALL in the Section Name edit box.
In the Thickness area type .6667 in both the Membrane and the Bending edit boxes.
Verify that the Shell option is selected in the Type area.
Click the OK button.

Click the OK button to close the Area Sections form.
Verify that the Snap to Points and Grid Intersections button is depressed.
Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon Element button or select the Draw menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command to display the Properties of Object form. In that form:

Click in the Property cell to display a drop-down list. Scroll up/down and click on the TS6X6X1/4 section to assign it to the line objects that you will draw.
In the Moment Releases drop-down list, click on Pinned.

Draw the first brace object as follows:
- Place the mouse pointer on joint 19. When the text box reading “Point” appears, click the left mouse button once.
- Move the mouse pointer to joint 31. When the text box reading “Point” appears, click the left mouse button once.
- Press the Enter key on the keyboard.

Click on joint 25 and then joint 31, and press the Enter key to draw the second brace element.
Click on joint 20 and then joint 32, and press the Enter key to draw the third brace element.
Click on joint 26 and then joint 32, and press the Enter key to draw the fourth and final brace element.
Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw mode and enter Select mode.
Select all of the beams except for the braced frame beams (i.e., select beams 26 through 37 and do not select beams 46 through 49). The Intersecting Line Selection option could be useful for this.

Note: To use the Intersecting Line Selection option, click the Select Using Intersecting Line button . Then click the left mouse button at the top of one beam bay, and while holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse to the bottom of the beam bay. A “rubberband line” will appear and all objects that this “rubberband line” passes through will be selected. Release the left mouse button to make the selection.

Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Releases/Partial Fixity command to display the Assign Frame Releases form. In that form, check both the Start and the End boxes for Moment 33 (Major) and then click the OK button.
Select beam objects 46 and 48.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Releases/Partial Fixity command to display the Assign Frame Releases form. In that form, check the Start box for Moment 33 (Major) and then click the OK button.
Select beam objects 47 and 49.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Releases/Partial Fixity command to display the Assign Frame Releases form. In that form, check the End box for Moment 33 (Major) and then click the OK button.
Click the Define menu > Load Cases command to display the Define Loads form. In that form:

Type LL in the Load Name edit box.
Select Live from the Type drop-down box.
Type 0 in the Self Weight Multiplier edit box.
Click the Add New Load button.
Type EQ in the Load Name edit box.
Select Quake from the Type drop-down box.
Click the Add New Load button.
Click the OK button.

Click the Define menu > Combinations command to display the Define Response Combinations form. In that form:
- Click the Add New Combo button to display the Response Combination Data form. In that form:
  - Type ALL in the Response Combination Name edit box.
  - Select Linear Add from the Combination Type drop-down box if it is not already selected.
  - If not already set, select the DEAD load case in the Case Name drop-down box and type 1 in the Scale Factor edit box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Select the LL load case in the Case Name drop-down box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Select the EQ load case in the Case Name drop-down box.
  - Click the Add button.
  - Click the OK button on the Response Combination Data form and the Define Response Combinations form.

Select beams 26 through 37.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Point command to display the Frame Point Loads form. In that form:

Select DEAD from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Load Type and Direction area, make sure that Forces is selected and that Gravity (-Z) shows in the Direction drop-down box.
In the Point Loads area type .5 in the first Distance edit box and type 10 in the first Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Get Previous Selection button (or the Select menu > Get Previous Selection command).
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:

Select DEAD from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Load Type and Direction area, make sure that Forces is selected and that Gravity (-Z) shows in the Direction drop-down box.
Type 1.2 in the Uniform Load area Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Get Previous Selection button (or the Select menu > Get Previous Selection command).
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Point command to display the Frame Point Loads form. In that form:

Select LL from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Point Loads area type 5 in the first Load edit box
Click the OK button.

Click the Get Previous Selection button (or click the Select menu > Get Previous Selection command).
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:

Select LL from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
In the Load Type and Direction area, make sure that Forces is selected and that Gravity (-Z) shows in the Direction drop-down box.
Type .8 in the Uniform Load area Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Select beams 46 through 49.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:

Select DEAD from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type 1.2 in the Uniform Load area Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Get Previous Selection button (or click the Select menu > Get Previous Selection command).
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads > Distributed command to display the Frame Distributed Loads form. In that form:

Select LL from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type .8 in the Uniform Load area Load edit box.
Click the OK button.

Select joints 31 and 32.
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Select DEAD from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type -10 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Get Previous Selection button (or the Select menu > Get Previous Selection command).
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Select LL from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type -5 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Select joints 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Select EQ from the Load Case Name drop-down box.
Type 10 in the Force Global X edit box in the Loads area.
Type 0 in the Force Global Z edit box in the Loads area.
Click the OK button.

Select joints 3, 4, 5 and 6 (not 2) by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Verify Add to Existing Loads is selected in the Options area.
Click the OK button.

Select joints 4, 5 and 6 (not 2 and 3) by “windowing.”
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Verify Add to Existing Loads is selected in the Options area.
Click the OK button.

Select joints 5 and 6 (not 2, 3 and 4).
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Verify Add to Existing Loads is selected in the Options area.
Click the OK button.

Select joint 6 (not 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Click the Assign menu > Joint Loads > Forces command to display the Joint Forces form. In that form:

Verify Add to Existing Loads is selected in the Options area.
Click the OK button.

Select beams 26 through 37.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Scroll down and click on W24X68 in the Properties area to highlight it.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed frame section assignments and display the frame object labels again.
Select beams 46 through 49.
Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Scroll down and click on W16X36 in the Properties area to highlight it.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the columns. An easy way to do this is to “window” each of the column lines separately.

Note: To “window” a column line, left click the mouse above and to the left of the column line. While holding the left mouse button down, drag the mouse so that it is below and to the right of the column line. A “rubberband window” will appear surrounding the column line. Release the left mouse button to select all objects that are fully enclosed by the “rubberband window.”

Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame Sections command to display the Frame Properties form. In that form:

Scroll down and click on W10X49 in the Properties area to highlight it.
Click the OK button.

Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed frame section assignments.
Click the Set Display Options button (or select the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Uncheck the Labels box in the Joints area.
Uncheck the Labels box in the Frames/Cables/Tendon area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Quick Draw Area Element button to display the Properties of Object form. In that form:
- Scroll down and select WALL from the Property drop-down box.

Click the mouse pointer once in the areas labeled A, B, C, D and E in the figure below to draw the area objects.

Click the Set Select Mode button to exit Draw mode and enter Select mode.
Select the five area objects just entered by clicking on them.
Click the Assign menu > Area > Automatic Area Mesh command to display the Assign Automatic Area Mesh form.
Fill out that form as shown in the figure to mesh each area object into twelve elements (4 by 3) and click the OK button.
Click the Set Display Options button (or select the View menu > Set Display Options menu) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Check the Not in View box in the Joints area.
Check the Sections box in the Frames/Cables/Tendon area.
Check the Not in View box in the Areas area.
Click the OK button.

Select all of the W24X68 beam sections (12 total).
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > View/Revise Overwrites command to display the Steel Frame Design Overwrites form. In that form:

Select the Unbraced Length Ratio (Minor, LTB) box and type .3333 in the associated edit box.
Click the OK button.

Click the Clear Selection button (or click the Select menu > Clear Selection command).
Select all of the W16X36 beam sections (4 total).
Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > View/Revise Overwrites command to display the Steel Frame Design Overwrites form. In that form:
- Select the Unbraced Length Ratio (Minor, LTB) box and type .5 in the associated edit box.
- Click the OK button.

Click the Set Display Options button (or select the View menu > Set Display Options command) to display the Display Options for Active Window form. In that form:

Uncheck the Not in View box in the Joints area.
Check the Restraints box in the Joints area.
Uncheck the Sections box in the Frames/Cables/Tendon area.
Uncheck the Not in View box in the Areas area.
Click the OK button.

Click the Options menu > Preferences > Steel Frame Design command to display the Steel Frame Design Preferences form. In that form:

Select AISC-ASD89 from the Design Code drop-down box if it is not already selected.
Click the OK button.

Click the Analyze menu > Set Analysis Options command to display the Analysis Options form. In that form, click the Plane Frame XZ Plane button to set the available degrees of freedom and click the OK button.
Click the Run Analysis button to display the Set Analysis Cases to Run form. In that form:

Click on Modal in the Case Name list to highlight it.
Click the Run/Do Not Run Case button.
Click the Run Now button.

When the analysis is complete, check the messages in the Analysis window (there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the Analysis window.
Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Joints command to display the Joint Reaction Forces form. In that form:

Select ALL from the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
Verify that the Reactions option is selected in the Type area.
Click the OK button.

The reactions are displayed on the screen. If the text is too small to read, zoom in, or change the minimum font size as described in the following Note.

Note: To change the minimum font size, click the Options menu > Preferences > Dimensions/Tolerances command. In the Minimum Graphic Font Size edit box input a new size, for example 5 or 6 points. Click the OK button.

Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the design check of the steel frame objects.
When the design check completes, a color map of the stress ratios is displayed.

HTML Tutorial

2007-03-05T02:03:00.000-08:00

Welcome to the HTML Code Tutorial. Our goal is to provide the most helpful and complete guide to creating web pages anywhere. If you're just beginning, start learning HTML here

Applets
Comments
CSS
Document Tags
Embedded Objects
Fonts
Forms
Frames
Images
Lines & Paragraphs
Links
Lists
Logical Tags
Scripts
Sounds
Symbols
Table
Weird Tags

get more....

source : www.htmlcodetutorial.com

Macromedia Fireworks MX

2007-03-02T09:36:00.000-08:00

Welcome to Macromedia Fireworks MX

Macromedia® Fireworks® MX is the easiest way to create, optimize, and export interactive graphics in a single, web-centric environment. Fireworks MX provides the tools to make every web graphics professional successful, from the HTML developer to the design expert. A streamlined interface allows easy creation of everything from simple graphical buttons to sophisticated rollover effects and pop-up menus.

Some great resources are available to help you discover more about Macromedia Fireworks MX, get support, and send feedback.

To Get Started
Be sure to register to receive the latest information about upgrades and new products, technical support, and more. Register online now, or complete and return the registration card in your Fireworks MX product box.

Release Notes
Release Notes contain the latest information and known issues about Macromedia Fireworks MX.

Designer and Developer Center
Find the technical information you need. Get inspired with tips, tutorials, and other resources, or steer your project to success using public forums, code examples, exchanges, and added reference materials.

Corel Draw 12

2007-03-02T09:30:00.000-08:00

Welcome to the CorelDRAW® 12 tutorial page.

The tutorials listed below involve you in projects that will help you learn about the application.

Workspace tour — introduces you to the basic tools of CorelDRAW 12

Creating a logo — shows you how to create a logo

Working with layout — shows you how to lay out text and graphics to create an ad

To view these tutorials, you must have Adobe® Reader® installed on your computer. Adobe Reader is available for download from www.adobe.com .

ETABS Version 8.08

2006-10-05T16:00:00.000-07:00

PLEASE READ THIS FILE!

It contains important information that is more current than what is in
the Manuals.

CONTENTS
--------
1. Installation Instructions for ETABS Version 8.08
2. Installing over older version 8.xx
3. Updating older version 8.xx from the ftp
4. Updating older version 7.xx or 6.xx
5. Significant changes from Version 8.00

1. Installation Instructions for ETABS Version 8.08
---------------------------------------------------

The installation instructions are available in three places.
A. The "ETABS Installation Card" link on the ETABS CD browser.
B. A printed document included with the program package.
C. In the ETABS_Install_Instructions.pdf file in the root directory of the CD.
The instructions include information about the software protection system used and
installation options and instructions. You can choose between a Standalone or
Network installation.

For Network installations, see the License Manager System Administrator's
Guide for more detailed information about the License Manager and the License
Manager Administration program "WlmAdmin.exe".

2. Installing over older version 8.xx
-------------------------------------
Version 8.08 cannot coexist with another version 8.xx on the same machine. It will
first uninstall the older version from that machine. Before installing ETABS
Version 8.08 on an older version, please backup the license file "lservrc" sent to
you for your machine. After a Standalone installation the backed up license file
should be copied over the new one.

For Network installations there is a newer version of the SentinelLM server
software that you should install. First uninstall the old version 7.1.1. Then run
the Setup for the new version 7.2.0. To register your saved license file, copy it
over the one in the ETABS License Manager directory and run "lslicense.bat".

3. Updating older version 8.xx from the ftp
-------------------------------------------
The update from the ftp is not a full installation. Only newer files are included in
the zipped file. These should be extracted in the folder where the current program is.
The file gdiplus.dll should be copied onto the windows system or system32 folder unless
a file by this name is already present.

4. Updating older version 7.xx or 6.xx
--------------------------------------
Version 8.xx can coexist with any version 7.xx and/or 6.xx.

5. Significant changes from Version 8.00
----------------------------------------

Changes from V8.07 to V8.08 (8/29/2002)
---------------------------------------
- Program reissued on CD.
- OpenGL viewer enhanced to show deformed shapes and other results views.
- Design of steel EBF frames enhanced.
- Minor bug fixes and adjustment of units based defaults.

Changes from V8.06 to V8.07 (8/23/2002)
---------------------------------------
- A bug which may cause some circular concrete columns to be designed as
square was corrected. Circular concrete columns designed by the program
need to be reevaluated. The design forces produced were correct.
- Line constraints now have flexibility based on connected elements.
- Ramp/Wall connection is now automatically made at intersecting edges
unless line constraints are shut off.
- The display has been significantly improved. Options for transparency of
objects added.
- Distribution of inter-story mass to story levels corrected.
- Minor corrections made to vertical load distributions from null objects.
- Minor bug fixes.

Changes from V8.05 to V8.06 (7/16/2002)
---------------------------------------
- Bug introduced in V8.05 for seismic loads corrected. Mass was incorrect.
- Vertical load distributions from null objects is now handled.
- Correction made to application of user defined wind and seismic loads.
- Minor bug fixes.

Changes from V8.00 to V8.05 (6/11/2002)
---------------------------------------
- Significant changes. Several incomplete items were completed.

SAP 2000 v.7

2006-07-12T07:28:00.000-07:00

=============== ==================== ==================
README.TXT File SAP2000 Version 7.40 Release 2000/06/12
=============== ==================== ==================

PLEASE READ THIS FILE!

It contains important information that is more current than the Manuals.

=================
TABLE OF CONTENTS
=================

1. SAP2000 Version 7.40
2. CHANGES TO INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
3. New Hardware Key Device for Nonlinear Version 7
4. Tutorial files on the Web
5. Significant Changes from Previous Versions
6. Upgrading to SAP2000 from SAP90 Version 5.4 or 5.5
7. Analysis Executables

=======================
1. SAP2000 Version 7.40
=======================

SAP2000 is a fully graphical Windows program, and is available in three
different versions: SAP2000 Standard, SAP2000 PLUS, and SAP2000 Nonlinear.
All versions require Windows 95/98/NT/2000 to be running on your computer.
Model creation, analysis, display of results, and design are all performed
within the SAP2000 graphical user interface.

SAP2000 is a very extensive program, featuring a friendly and powerful
graphical user interface and sophisticated analytical capabilities. However, a
few of the advanced analysis features cannot be edited in the graphical user
interface, such as the Plane, Asolid, and Solid elements. The geometry and
analysis results for these elements CAN be viewed in the graphical user
interface.

Users who have need of advanced analysis features described in the Analysis
Reference manual that cannot be edited in the graphical user interface can use
the input data text file as described in the Input Data File manual. See Topics
"Overview" and "Input Data Files and the Graphical User Interface" in Chapter
2 of the Input Data File manual for more information.

For users who already have SAP2000, we recommend that you remove previous
versions of the program and begin using version 7.40 as soon as possible in
order to take advantage of the latest features, improvements, and error
corrections.

=======================================
2. CHANGES TO INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
=======================================

For a new installation from the CD, please read topic "Installation" in chapter
"Getting Started" in the "SAP2000 Getting Started" manual, and note the
following changes:

- To perform a "Single User" installation, run

\Setup.exe

on the SAP2000 CD. This installs the entire SAP2000 program on a local
machine, ready to be used.

- To perform a "Network Server" installation, run

\Network Server\Setup.exe

on the SAP2000 CD. This installs the Server version of SAP2000 on a network
server. The program cannot be run yet. Each workstation that will use SAP2000
must perform a "Network Workstation" installation described next.

- To perform a "Network Workstation" installation, run

\Setup.exe

from the folder on the server where the "Network Server" installation of
SAP2000 was performed, as described above. This installs a limited number of
files on the local workstation, and makes SAP2000 ready to be used. The
workstation must have access to the server installation whenever SAP2000 is
used.

- The default installation folders for the Standard version are

c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Server
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Workstation

- The default installation folders for the PLUS version are

c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Plus
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Plus Server
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Plus Workstation

- The default installation folders for the Nonlinear version are

c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Nonlinear
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Nonlinear Server
c:\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 Nonlinear Workstation

- For each of the three versions above:
The first folder name is used for a "Single User" installation,
The second folder name is used for a "Network Server" installation, and
The third folder name is used for a "Network Workstation" installation.

- During a "Single User" or "Network Server" installation you will be asked
for the program serial number. This can be found on the SAP2000 CD. This
serial number is automatically entered when performing a "Network
Workstation" installation. When running SAP2000, you can view the serial
number that you entered from the Help > About SAP2000 menu item. This
serial number may be needed for obtaining technical support and program
upgrades.

- At the end of the installation process you will be given the option to have
the Sentinel Driver installed. You should choose this option whenever you
are installing on a machine that may be used to hold the hardware key device.
You may also manually install the Sentinel Driver at any time by running

KeyDrive\Setup.exe

from the SAP2000 CD or from the SAP2000 folder after installation.

- When installing on a Windows 2000 machine, make sure that you have
administrative rights.

- Running any SAP2000 Setup.exe a second time uninstalls the program. You
will be given an opportunity to Cancel if you do this accidentally.

================================================
3. New Hardware Key Device for Nonlinear Version
================================================

SAP2000 Nonlinear version 7.xx uses a hardware key device that is different
from previous versions. If you are upgrading SAP2000 Nonlinear from a
version prior to 7.00, please return the old hardware key device to us as
soon as you receive this package.

The Standard and PLUS version of SAP2000 do not require a new hardware key
device.

============================
4. Tutorial files on the Web
============================

Tutorial files are available on our Web site in Adobe Acrobat Reader format.
You may download these files and follow the tutorials to learn more about the
use of SAP2000 and the new Static Pushover Analysis features of the program.

Please check our Web site occasionally for the presence of newer files. They
may be updated from time to time. Our Web address is: www.csiberkeley.com

=============================================
5. Significant Changes from Previous Versions
=============================================

Listed in order, starting with the latest version:

Significant Changes from Version 7.21 to 7.40
---------------------------------------------

Improvements have been made to the "MS Access Database export" capability that
was added in version 7.21. This feature is still an early release and is being
tested and documented before final release.

The Ritz-vector algorithm has been modified so that purely static (massless)
modes can be calculated. These will be reported in the .OUT file as having a
period of 1.0E-101. Thus it is no longer strictly required that mass be
present at all degrees of freedom that are loaded by the Ritz starting load
vectors. However, including mass at loaded degrees of freedom is still
recommended whenever practical, and the Ritz-vector algorithm will still warn
you if it detects loads acting on massless degrees of freedom. These massless
modes are used in time-history analysis but have no significant effect in
response-spectrum analysis. Also, the orthogonalization procedure in the
Ritz-vector algorithm has been improved.

P-delta analysis now includes P-delta effects in all element types, not just
in Frame elements. For all elements except the Frame, P-delta effects are
based on the rigid-body rotations of the element and do not consider the
internal deformation of the element. The Nllink element balances the P-delta
moment with a shear couple for finite-length elements, and two equal moments
for zero-length elements. The Frame element considers internal deformation as
documented in the SAP2000 Analysis Reference manual. Note that P-delta effects
are not included in any constraints.

Several changes have been made to nonlinear static pushover analysis:

- P-delta effects are now included for all element types, not just for Frame
elements, when requested in a nonlinear static pushover case. For all
elements, P-delta effects are based on the rigid-body rotations of the
element and do not consider the internal deformation of the element. The
Nllink element balances the P-delta moment with a shear couple for
finite-length elements, and two equal moments for zero-length elements. The
Frame element does not consider internal deformation as it does for initial
P-delta analysis. For Shell, Plane, Asolid and Solid elements, the P-delta
effect for each step is based on the stress state at the beginning of the
step and is not iteratively corrected at the end of the step as it is for
Frame and Nllink elements. This means that you should specify a minimum of
several steps for each pushover case to assure reasonable accuracy if
P-delta effects are significant in these element types. Note that P-delta
effects are not included in any constraints.

- Large-displacement effects are now included for all element types, not just
for Frame elements, when requested in a nonlinear static pushover case.
Large-displacement effects include large translations and rotations of the
elements, but the strains within elements are still assumed to be small.
Elements that undergo significant deformation should be divided into smaller
elements. Note that large-displacement effects are not included in any
constraints.

- The artificial stiffness that was being used to prevent instability when
the stiffness of an element became zero or negative has now been reduced.
The new procedure is more consistent, requires less iteration, is more
likely to converge, and produces better results.

- Nonlinear static pushover analysis has been improved to reduce the
occasional occurrence of non-convergence due to flip-flop behavior of
yielding elements subject to P-delta effects.

- A new option is available for displacement-controlled nonlinear static
pushover analysis. You may use the "conjugate displacement" to control the
analysis instead of using the monitored displacement; the monitored
displacement is still used to determine how far to push the structure and
for plotting the pushover curve. The conjugate displacement is a weighted
sum of all displacement degrees of freedom in the structure: each
displacement component is multiplied by the load applied at that degree of
freedom, and the results are summed. The conjugate displacement is usually
the most sensitive measure of displacement in the structure under a given
specified load. When you use the conjugate displacement to control the
analysis, the load increments are adjusted in an attempt to reach the
specified monitored displacement. However, the analysis will usually only
approximately satisfy the targeted displacement, particularly if the
monitored displacement is in a different direction than the conjugate
displacement. The use of conjugate-displacement control is generally
recommended.

- When using displacement control for nonlinear static pushover analyses,
only the absolute value of the monitored displacement is used to determine
when the analysis is complete, whether control is by the conjugate
displacement or by the monitored displacement itself. The direction of
loading now is determined by the specified load pattern. For example,
positive acceleration loads will cause displacements in the negative
direction (this is consistent with time-history analysis), regardless of
the sign of the monitored displacement.

Several changes have been made to the Pushover Frame hinge properties:

- Separate scale factors may now be specified for the positive and negative
axes of the stress-strain (moment-rotation or force-deformation) curves. In
addition, the rigid-plastic nature of the hinge is shown in the plot of the
stress-strain curves where the strains at +B and -B are subtracted out from
the values at C, D, and E. Neither of these changes affects the results of
previous analyses.

- For P-M-M hinges the moment-rotation curve is now interpreted as a
relative curve, whereas in previous versions it was an absolute curve after
scaling by the yield scale factor given for the interaction surface. Now
when the hinge state first reaches the yield (interaction) surface, the
moment-rotation curve is scaled by the resultant moment divided by the yield
moment you specified at point B, i.e., it is scaled by the factor:
(sqrt(M2*M2+M3*M3))/MB.
Previously it was scaled by
(sqrt(M2*M2+M3*M3))/M3max
where M3max is the maximum value of M3 that you specified for the P-M curve
at angle=90 deg before scaling by the yield moment. This change has no
impact on default hinges or on hinges you defined where both the
moment-rotation curve and interaction surface were normalized to unity at
M3 yield. It will affect hinges where you used different scaling for the
moment-rotation curve and the interaction surface.

- An error in the application of the moment-rotation curve in P-M-M hinges
for points off the M3 axis has been corrected. In previous versions the
hardening and softening tended to be under-estimated.

In version 7.21, the BS-5950 "n" factor (BS 4.3.7.6, Table 13, page 26) was
always set to one to account for destabilizing loads. This was found to be too
conservative. It has been changed back to being calculated according to Tables
13, 15, and 16. This is now the same as was being done in versions prior to
7.21 and is consistent with the SAP2000 Steel Design manual. If destabilizing
loads are present, you may overwrite the "n" factor and set it to one.

The ordering of shell joints in output from Print > Input Tables and Print >
Output Tables has been made consistent with results in the .OUT file and the
manuals. Joints 3 and 4 were previously reversed.

The on-line help has been updated to reflect the current features for
nonlinear static pushover analysis.

An error has been corrected that caused time-history reactions to neglect the
loads applied to elements that are directly connected to the reaction joint.

An error has been corrected that prevented using restraint-displacement
loading in the same model with moving load analysis.

An error has been corrected that prevented multiple analyses in the same
SAP2000 session when eigen residual-mass modes were requested.

If you prepare data using the text input data (.S2K) file, you should be
aware of the following two errors:

- In the CONSTRAINT data block the last CSYS specification was being applied
to all constraints. This has been fixed.

- In the LOAD data block the CSYS specification is being reset to the default
(CSYS=0) at each NAME data line. This has NOT been fixed! If you are using
coordinate systems other than global, make sure they are specified on each
NAME data line.

Other minor corrections and changes have been made.

Significant Changes from Version 7.11 to 7.21
---------------------------------------------

A Frameworks Plus to SAP2000 model import facility has been added. The
features currently implemented are documented in MS Word file FWP_ref.doc.
This feature is an early release and is being tested and documented before
final release.

Most input and output can now be exported in an MS Access Database format.
This feature is an early release and is being tested and documented before
final release.

The steel design under AISC-ASD and AISC-LRFD has been augmented to now also
check slender sections.

The steel design check for angle sections under AISC-ASD and AISC-LRFD has
been thoroughly revised and improved.

A concrete frame design bug that caused the shear design of columns in special
and intermediate moment resisting frames in seismic areas to be incorrect
(mostly conservative) has been corrected. This only affected the shear design
if the longitudinal reinforcement was also designed. If the column was being
checked the shear design was unaffected by this bug. Users are requested to
reverify the shear design in concrete frames if their models may be affected
by this bug.

An error has been corrected where AASHTO LRFD column shear design under
seismic load was previously not being checked for Zone 4 (severe). Users are
requested to reverify the shear design for Zone 4 if their models may be
affected by this bug.

Under BS-5950, the "n" factor (BS 4.3.7.6, Table 13, page 26) is now always
set to one to account for destabilizing loads. This is more conservative.

Other minor bug fixes have been made to the design procedures.

Longer filenames are now supported. The maximum path length is 1023
characters.

An error that sometimes caused the Printer Setup to crash on NT machines has
been fixed.

Other minor corrections and changes have been made.

Significant Changes from Version 7.10 to 7.11
---------------------------------------------

A display bug in the GUI that affected frame force diagrams when multi-valued
results were possible (Combinations, etc.) has been corrected. It only affected
the orientation of the display. All values printed and used in design were
unaffected by the bug. This bug only affected version 7.10.

A bug in AISC-LRFD steel design that affected user specified design sections
has been corrected. For most normal cases the bug made the check conservative.
This bug only affected version 7.10.

Substantial speed increases have been achieved in bridge moving-load analysis,
time-history envelope calculation, and static-pushover analysis.

Several changes have been made to the static-pushover analysis:

- An error in calculating the plastic strain for hinges in Frame elements
with rigid-end offsets has been corrected. This error only affected elements
with offsets at the J end of the element, and only if the offset was rigid
(or partially so). The error could be significant in some cases. It is
recommended that you use version 7.11 to check pushover analyses run with
previous version of SAP2000 if your model contains rigid-end offsets.

- The static pushover analysis now checks for non-convex P-M-M interaction
(yield) surfaces. Any P-M-M point which falls inside the surface defined
the adjacent points is automatically moved outward (increasing the yield
value) until a convex surface is obtained. This is an iterative process. The
amount of error detected, and whether or not automatic correction was
successful, is reported in the .LOG file. If significant errors are reported,
you should correct the P-M-M surface manually.

- End releases sometimes caused excessive iteration in version 7.10. This
has been corrected.

A minor error was corrected that may affect nonprismatic sections for Frame
elements. If the sum of the absolute lengths of all segments of a nonprismatic
section exceeds the clear length of the element, the absolute lengths are now
all scaled down so that their sum equals the clear length. This was not being
done in previous versions.

Significant Changes from Version 7.08 to 7.10
---------------------------------------------
The graphical user interface has been recompiled on a newer version of the
compiler. This should make the program run faster.

An algorithm has been added to automatically trace unbraced lengths of frame
elements for major and minor directions of bending. The tracing accounts for
restraints, available degrees of freedom, diaphragm constraints in XY plane,
and support provided by other frames, shells and solids. This algorithm is
currently used in design only for effective length K-factor calculations and
unsupported length factors.

The limit of 2 Gigabytes on the size of the stiffness matrix has been removed
so larger models can now be analyzed. The limit is now about 16 GB.

An error was corrected in the Eurocode Steel design check where the k22, k33,
and kLTB factors were not being correctly computed. It is recommended that you
use SAP2000 version 7.10 to re-check designs from earlier version of SAP2000.

Several errors have been corrected in the AASHTO-LRFD design check. It is
recommended that you use SAP2000 version 7.10 to re-check designs from earlier
version of SAP2000.

Several enhancements have been made to the static pushover analysis from
version 7.08:

- An error in calculating the performance point introduced in version 7.08 has
been fixed.

- Large-displacement geometric nonlinearity may now be analyzed in Frame
elements. In particular, large rigid-body displacements and rotations are
considered. The strains and relative bending rotations within each element
are assumed to be small. When bending rotations are large, divide the Frame
element into smaller elements. In addition to static pushover analysis,
problems like snap-through buckling and cable shape-finding can be solved
using this option. When defining a pushover case, select one of the
following options for consideration of geometric nonlinearity effects:
(1) None, (2) P-Delta only, or (3) P-Delta and Large displacements.

- An iterative solution strategy is now used for pushover analysis. You may now
set the iteration tolerance and the maximum number of iterations for each
step. The iteration tolerance is a relative force error that is allowed for
convergence to be achieved. If convergence is not reached within the maximum
number of iterations, the step size is halved and iteration is tried again.
The default values are usually good enough for most analyses. Iteration is
most important for large-displacement effects, and least important when
geometric nonlinearities are not included in the analysis.

- You may also set the minimum number of steps, which determines the maximum
step size allowed; the maximum number of null steps (steps of zero length
when the solution is "turning", or steps where convergence failed), and the
maximum number of total steps. Limiting the number of null steps prevents the
analysis from running forever when it stalls. Limiting the number of total
steps limits the total time of the analysis and the amount of disk space used
to save the solution.

- For PMM hinges, you may select whether the axial force behavior is
proportional to the specified moment-rotation curve (i.e., the entire yield
surface expands and contracts proportionally), or is elastic-perfectly
plastic (i.e., the yield surface does not change in the P direction). The
first option may be more conservative and realistic. The second option may
allow the pushover analysis to proceed further when otherwise the structure
would fail locally under gravity load. (This feature was actually added in
version 7.08 but was not documented in the README.TXT file)

- Minor changes have been made internally to the hinge model to increase its
accuracy and robustness.

Significant Changes from Version 7.04 to 7.08
---------------------------------------------
SAP2000 version 7.08 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover
analysis from version 7.04. Steel design using the AISC-LRFD code now covers
slender sections and single angles.

Significant Changes from Version 7.03 to 7.04
---------------------------------------------
SAP2000 version 7.04 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover
analysis from version 7.03. Minor bugs relating to steel design have been
fixed.

Significant Changes from Version 7.02 to 7.03
---------------------------------------------
SAP2000 version 7.03 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover
analysis from version 7.02. The original tangent approach has slightly been
modified in how it treats unloading. This version treats the unloading in a
hinge as a local redistribution. For most problems this approach should work
better in finding a solution. As in the previous approach the solution will
stall at a displacement value lower than the target if gravity load capacity
is lost in a member and other members are unable to carry this load.

Significant Changes from Version 7.01 to 7.02
---------------------------------------------
SAP2000 version 7.02 provides minor enhancements and corrections to the static
pushover analysis from version 7.01, as well as a correction to the concrete
P-M-M interaction calculations for the Canadian, British and European Codes.

Significant Changes from Version 7.00 to 7.01
---------------------------------------------
SAP2000 version 7.01 provides enhancements and corrections to the static
pushover analysis from version 7.00, as well as a correction to the moving-
load analysis.

STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS:

- Two solution strategies are now available to handle the case when a hinge
drops load or ruptures:
(1) The original approach that follows a tangent path to unload the
structure
(2) A new secant-restart approach that goes back to the starting state
and reloads the structure using the secant stiffness of each hinge
The first approach is generally faster, but may fail in some cases. If that
happens you may want to re-run the analysis using the restart approach.
Select "Restart upon Unloading" in the Pushover Case dialog box.

- You may select whether or not you want to see negative increments that may
be used to unload the structure. Select "Save Positive Increments Only" in
the Pushover Case dialog box if you do not want to see negative increments.

- Joint displacements, frame element forces, and the hinge force-displacement
histories for each pushover case may be obtained from the Print Output
Tables option under the File menu. These are only available in spreadsheet
form.

- Minor corrections were made to the pushover analysis, including correction
of the yield value for P-M-M hinges depending upon where the yield surface
is first pierced.

- Additional information on state changes is now available in the .LOG file.

MOVING-LOAD ANALYSIS:

- An error was corrected that somtimes gave incorrect corresponding forces.
The actual force and moment maximum and minimum values are correct.

Significant Changes from Version 6.13 to 7.00
---------------------------------------------

SAP2000 version 7.00 features a large number of new features and enhancements
as well as a few error corrections. Significant new features, enhancements and
error corrections are listed below. Minor items that do not affect the
accuracy of results are not listed.

Please see the on-line help for further information regarding all new
features and enhancements.

TOOLBAR CHANGES: The floating toolbar has been removed and replaced with a
fixed toolbar on the left-hand side of the Graphical User Interface. The main
(top) toolbar is now context-sensitive, i.e., the tool buttons available
change according to the operations available to you. See the on-line help.

DRAFTING FEATURES: The program now follows generally-accepted drafting
conventions more closely. Several new "snap" options have been added, including
snap to midpoints and ends, snap to intersections, snap to perpendicular, and
snap to lines and edges. Drawing constraints have also been added, so that
you can now draw with constrained X, Y, or Z coordinates. See the on-line help.

AERIAL VIEW: A small aerial-view window is available to enable you to see where
you are in large and complex models, and to speed up panning and zooming.
This feature may be turned on and off.

DESIGN CODES: The following codes have been added or updated to later versions:
- Canadian CSA-A23.3-94 (Concrete)
- AASHTO LRFD 1997 (Concrete)
- AASHTO LRFD 1997 (Steel)
- New Zealand NZS-3101 1995 (Concrete)
In addition, some over-conservative assumptions have been removed and the
design algorithms have been refined for all supported codes.

DXF IMPORT/EXPORT: The DXF Import and Export have been improved. You can now
import/export Solids, Joints and NLLinks and export any visible text in 2D
views only. You also now have the option to save and import data on any layer
you want. There is no longer a need to use SAP_FRAMES and SAP_SHELLS. You must
use a template DXF file when exporting. The template file can include layer
names, color settings etc. There is a template file provided. The on-line help
has the full documentation of the new DXF import and Export.

WINDOWS METAFILE EXPORT: You may now export graphics in the Windows Enhanced
Metafile format for inclusion in documents using other programs that support
this format.

COLOR PRINTER SETTINGS: There are new color-printer settings available in the
Options... Color Setting menu item.

ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL: Orthotropic materials may now be defined and modified
in the Graphical User Interface (they have always been available through the
text file). See the on-line help.

ORTHOTROPIC SHELL: The Shell element now supports orthotropic material
properties. Orthotropic properties may be rotated through a "material angle"
when defining Shell Section properties. See the on-line help.

THICK PLATE: A thick-plate formulation that includes transverse-shear
deformation is now available for the Shell element. The previous thin-plate
formulation that neglects transverse-shear deformation is still available. You
can select whether or not to use the thick-plate formulation in the Sehll
Section properties definition. Only plate behavior is affected, not membrane
behavior. See the on-line help. THE THICK-PLATE OPTION IS NOW THE DEFAULT.

The thick-plate formulation tends to be somewhat stiffer yet more accurate
than the thin-plate formulation for most thin-plate bending problems. Of
course, the presence of shearing deformations will make the thick-plate
formulation more flexible.

RESIDUAL-MASS MODES: Residual-mass (missing-mass) modes may now be calculated
as an option for eigen-analysis. When present, residual-mass modes are
automatically included in Response-spectrum and Time-history analyses. For Ritz
analysis, residual mass has always been included for all starting load vectors.
This has not been changed. See the on-line help.

EFFECTIVE-PERIOD PRINTOUT: For each load case, the effective period is
printed in the output (.OUT) file under the heading MODAL LOAD PARTICIPATION
RATIOS. The effective period is calculated as the Rayleigh period of the
structure using the static deflection for the load case as the mode shape. This
information can be used for determining an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom
system for blast-load analysis and other special purposes. It is not of
general utility.

STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: Static Pushover analysis has been added to the
Nonlinear version of SAP2000. Nonlinear hinges may be defined anywhere in the
Frame elements. Properties may be user-defined or may be calculated
automatically by the program from Section Properties according to standard
pushover guidelines. Analyses may be force or displacement controlled. Pushover
results may be displayed graphically and in table form. See the on-line help.

KEY-DEVICE DEPARTMENT NAME: For large organizations working over a wide-area
network, you may define "department names" to restrict the use of the hardware
key device to certain people. Please contact CSI for more information if you
need to use this feature.

TIME-HISTORY ELEMENT LOADS: Time-history results now include the effect of
all internal element loads, including gravity, concentrated, distributed and
prestress loads on Frame elements, as well as temperature loads on all element
types.

BRIDGE P-DELTA FORCES: An error was corrected that sometimes gave incorrect
Frame element forces for Moving-load cases when P-Delta forces are present.

Significant Changes from Version 6.11 to 6.13
---------------------------------------------

GENERAL...

(a) An error was corrected that produced incorrect moments in Frame
elements subjected to trapezoidal loads that varied within an output
segment. The error was zero if changes in the load corresponded to
output locations.

(b) An error was corrected that calculated the mass incorrectly for
non-prismatic Frame elements. This error was generally small unless
the length of the element was less than unity in the length units
used for the analysis.

(c) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect results for
models that have both Welds and Constraints.

(d) An error was corrected in which gravity loads imported from SAP90
text files were not rotated to account for changing global up to +Z.
This does not affect SAP90 files for which global +Z is already
upward.

DESIGN...

(e) An error was corrected where the program was not accounting for the
optional user-specified flexural steel provided when calculating
flexural capacity for shear design of beams where ductile design is
requested. Version 6.11 shear design was based on required values
rather than the user-provided flexural values.

(f) An error was corrected for concrete design by the Canadian code
where the minimum beam reinforcement on the tension side was
unconditionally related to (4/3)As. This has been corrected for
seismic design and is now consistent with the SAP2000 Concrete
Design Manual.

(g) An error was corrected where 1% minimum steel required by the ACI
code for concrete column design was being used for all codes, which
is over-conservative for some codes. This has been corrected to be
code-dependent.

(h) For ductile design, the required minimum in-span moment capacities
for the ACI and Canadian codes has been slightly refined. This
should have minimal impact on previous designs.

BRIDGE ANALYSIS...

(i) An error was corrected that could produce incorrect moving-load
results for lanes that contain Frame elements with their local 1
axes oriented in the opposite direction of the direction of the
lane.

For example, suppose element 1 connects to joints 1 and 2, and
element 2 connects to joints 2 and 3. Results in version 6.11 for a
Lane defined from element 1 to element 2 would have been correct,
but for a Lane defined from element 2 to element 1 may have been
incorrect. Results in version 6.13 should be correct for both cases.

(j) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect
corresponding quantities in a moving-load analysis. For example, the
maximum value of M3 would be correct, but the value of M3
corresponding to maximum M2 may have been incorrect.

(k) Moving load analysis has been speeded up significantly for some
models involving multiple lanes and vehicles.

(l) An error was corrected that sometimes produced an incorrect
display of an influence line.

TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS...

(m) An error was corrected that caused incorrect importing from SAP90
and SAP2000 text files of differing modal damping values for a
time-history analysis. The error did not affect constant modal
damping for all modes in a time-history analysis, nor differing
modal damping values specified within the graphical user interface.

NONLINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS...

(o) An error was corrected that sometimes displayed Nllink time-history traces
for the wrong Nllink element.

(p) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect History envelopes
for Nllink elements.

(q) An error was corrected that produced incorrect reactions for nonlinear
time-history analyses at joints connected to Nllink elements. Envelopes and
time-history traces of the reactions were both calculated using the linear
effective stiffness rather than the nonlinear element properties. Only
joints connected to Nllinks were affected, and only during nonlinear
time-history analyses.

(r) An error was corrected that produced incorrect group force sums for
nonlinear time-history analyses for groups containing Nllink elements.

MISCELLANEOUS...

(s) Minor improvements and corrections were made to the Graphical User
Interface to fix problems with the functioning of the dialog boxes
and the display of results, and to improve the stability of the
program. These changes should not have any significant effect on
previous analysis or design results.

=====================================================
6. Upgrading to SAP2000 from SAP90 Version 5.4 or 5.5
=====================================================

Most modeling and analysis features available in SAP90 are also present in
SAP2000, and many new features have been added. Only the SAP90 heat-transfer
analysis features are not currently available in SAP2000.

SAP90 input data files for versions 5.4 and 5.5 may be imported directly into
SAP2000. A translated SAP2000 input data text file (with extension .S2K) will
be created, and the model will be stored in the native SAP2000 data base file
(with extension .SDB). The model can then be modified, analyzed, designed, and
displayed.

When you import a SAP90 input data file, SAP2000 will ask you to specify what
direction was assumed to be upward in the SAP90 model. All coordinate-dependent
quantities in the SAP90 model will be converted to conform with the SAP2000
convention that the +Z direction is upward.

Please note that SAP90 Bridge Moving Load cases may be translated into
multiple SAP2000 Moving Load cases. In many cases, you may be able to combine
them back into a single SAP2000 Moving Load case, but you will have to do this
manually. For each SAP90 Moving Load case, a single SAP2000 envelope- type
Combo is created during translation. Please also note that the "pm" portion of
the SAP90 lane load was used for moments M2 and M3 for all elements, while the
floating concentrated load "pm" for the SAP2000 vehicle load only applies to
the vertical moment (usually M3), and only for lane elements!

WARNING! Some imported data may be interpreted differently by SAP2000 than by
SAP90. For example, the interaction between end offsets and end releases is
different, as is the interaction between prestress load and P-Delta analysis.
Be sure to check your imported model carefully! Compare the results of
analyses using both SAP90 and SAP2000 before making further use of the
imported model!

See Topic "Upgrading from SAP90" in Chapter II of the "SAP2000 Getting
Started" manual for more information.

=======================
7. Analysis Executables
=======================

With SAP2000 you can create your model, perform the analysis, display the
results, and check the design all within a single graphical user interface.
However, some users have requested the ability to perform multiple analyses in
a batch mode outside of the user interface. We have provided executable files
for this purpose in a subfolder called UTILITY under the SAP2000 folder.

These files are 32-bit Windows executables. They can be run from a Command
Prompt (DOS-like) window under Windows 95/98/NT/2000. These are not DOS
executables and cannot be run on DOS or Windows 3.x machines. In order to run
properly, they must be copied or moved from the UTILITY subfolder up to the
SAP2000 folder where SAP2000.EXE is located.

The executables are:

(a) SAPRE.EXE. This reads and checks a SAP2000 input text file and prepares
the data for subsequent analysis using SAPGO.EXE. To run, give the
command:

SAPRE sap2000file /M:nnnnn

where "sap2000file" (required) is the SAP2000 input text file to be
read; and "nnnnn" (optional) is the amount of memory to be allocated
in 1000-byte units. The "sap2000file" must include the extension .S2K.
The default memory if the /M: parameter is omitted is the same as
specifying /M:2000.

(b) SAPGO.EXE. This perform the analysis following the execution of SAPRE.EXE.
To run, give the command:

SAPGO sap2000file /M:nnnnn

where "sap2000file" (required) is the SAP2000 input text file to be
analyzed; and "nnnnn" (optional) is the amount of memory to be allocated
in 1000-byte units. The default memory if the /M: parameter is omitted is
the same as specifying 1/16 of physical memory.

To perform an analysis using these executables:

(a) Prepare an input text file (.S2K) using a text editor or by exporting a
file from the SAP2000 graphical user interface.

(b) Run SAPRE.EXE followed by SAPGO.EXE. These commands may be place in a
batch (.BAT) file.

(c) To display the results, import the SAP2000 .JOB file under the File menu
of the SAP2000 graphical user interface. It is important to import the
.JOB file, not the .S2K file, or your analysis results will be lost.